The historical study of religious education in Buddhism in Japan

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Content c / THE HISTORICAL STUDY OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION BUDDHiasff IN JAPAN * %( A T lx e sls P r e s e n t e d t o t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a I n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D e g re e o f M a s te r o f A r t s By J o s h o H o ri May 1 8 , 1 931 UMI Number: EP65026 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissi0itatfen Publishing UMI EP65026 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 This thesis, having been approved by the special Faculty Committee, is accepted by the Council on Graduate Study and Research of the University of Southern California, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of J0aate% ^ O f.A r tà ________ _ \ h Secret^' Dean Date. Committees R.J, Tajrlor* Chalrmaa Ken Nakazawa J.G. H ill PREFACE I n t h e t h i r t e e n t h y e a r (5 5 2 ) o f E m peror K im m ei, Budd h is m , w h ic h was i n tr o d u c e d by K in g B e im el o f K u d a ra , one o f th e s m a ll c o u n t r i e s i n K o re a , was f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d i n J a p a n th r o u g h t h e c o n v e r s io n o f P r i n c e B h o to k u , ”J a p a n e s e C o n s t a n t i n e . A f t e r w a r d s , B uddhism a s s i m i l a t e d S h i n t o , t h e p r i m i t i v e r e l i g i o n o f J a p a n , t a k i n g J a p a n e s e c u s to m s , t r a d i t i o n s , an d a l l o f J a p a n e s e l i f e i n t o i t s i n f l u e n c e , and d u r in g t h e e r a s o f N a ra an d H e ia n t h e r e was n o t h in g w h ic h w as u n i n f l u e n c e d by B u d d h ism . S in c e t h e n , f o r m ore t h a n a th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d s e v e n ty y e a r s . B u d d h ism , a f t e r m any p e r i o d s a n d c h a n g e s , h a s d i r e c t e d an d u p l i f t e d t h e p e o p le a t d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s , a n d w as p r o v id e d th e n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s o f e d u c a t i o n . A t p r e s e n t , t h e r e a r e s e v e n ty - o n e th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d tw e n ty - n i n e B u d d h is t te m p le s , f i f t y - f o u r th o u s a n d s i x h u n d re d f i f t y p r i e s t s , o v e r f i v e th o u s a n d S u n d ay S c h o o ls w h ic h w ere th e p r o d u c t o f t h e S u n d ay S c h o o l m ovem ent o f a b o u t f o r t y y e a r s a g o , s e v e n th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d a n d s e v e n t e a c h e r s , f o u r h u n d re d s i x t y - s i x th o u s a n d s e v e n h u n d re d t w e n ty - n in e p u p i l s . T h is S unday S c h o o l m ovem ent, c o n s i d e r i n g i t s c o m p a r a tiv e ly s h o r t d u r a t i o n of f o r t y y e a r s , h a s o b t a i n e d a re m a r k a b le a c h ie v e m e n t b o th i n num ber a n d q ^ u a lity . The p u r p o s e s o f t h i s t h e s i s a r e t o t r a c e a n d e x p l a i n h i s t o r i c a l l y t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , i t s fo rm s an d m e th o d s a s e m p lo y ed by B u d d h i s t s , a s w e l l a s t h e i r î i , e v o l u t i o n ; to o b s e rv e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f th e f i r s t C h r i s t i a n e v a n g e l i s t i c a tt e m p t by X a v ie r ; th e c o n d i t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y s i n c e t h e M e l j i r e v o l u t i o n ; an d th e o r i g i n an d t h e g ro w th o f th e B u d d h is t S u n d ay S c h o o l a s i t s r e s u l t . A t th e tim e o f t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n , t h a t i s t o s a y , b e f o r e t h e e r a o f H a re , B uddhism p r o v id e d f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o f p r i e s t s an d th e t e a c h i n g o f a d u l t s , b u t d i d n o t h in g f o r t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n w h ic h w as c a r r i e d on s o l e l y i n i n d i v i d u a l hom es, b y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a r e n t s . R e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n i n t h e f a m i l y , th o u g h w ith o u t, a n y s p e c i a l fo rm o r m e th o d , h a s p la y e d a n im p o r ta n t r o l e i n e d u c a t i o n . B e c a u s e B u d d h is t te m p le s w ere t h e c e n t e r s o f c u l t u r e fro m t h e b e g in n in g o f th e B a ra e r a , a n d w e re t h e o n ly e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s o f t h e p e r i o d , t h e c h i l d r e n w ere s e n t t o th em f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s f o r g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n . The e d u c a t i o n a l m e th o d , a t t h a t t i m e , w as a l t o g e t h e r r e l i g i o u s i n n a t u r e , a n d t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p u p i l w as c a l l e d C h ig o . The C h ig o e d u c a t i o n w as a d m i n i s t e r e d d u r i n g n in e h u n d re d y e a r s , c o v e r i n g th e f o u r e r a s o f B a ra ( 1 1 0 - 7 8 4 ) , H e ia n ( 7 8 5 - 1 1 9 1 ) , K am akura ( 1 1 9 2 - 1 3 9 3 ) , an d M urom achi ( 1 3 9 4 -1 6 0 2 ), c o n s id e r e d a s th e m o st f r u i t f u l a n d i n f l u e n t i a l o f e d u c a t i o n a l p e r i o d s i n th e h i s t o r y o f B uddhism i n J a p a n . A f t e r w a r d s , d u r i n g t h e Edo e r a ( 1 6 0 3 - 1 8 6 5 ), p r i e s t s w ere d e g r a d e d , p e o p le w e re aw ak en ed t o s e l f - r e a l i z a t i o n th r o u g h t h e s o c i a l f o r c e s o f f o r e i g n t r a d e and th e f i r s t X a v i e r ’ s e v a n g e l i s t i c a t t e m p t , and e d u c a t i o n a l pow er came i n t o th e h a n d s o f common p e o p le ,a n d t h e e r a o f T a ra k o y a i l l e d u c a t i o n w as i n a u g u r a t e d . Y e t th e i n f l u e n c e o f B uddhism w as t o be s e e n i n th e T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , s i n c e t e a c h i n g was done m o s tly i n te m p le s i n t h e a tm o s p h e re o f r e l i g i o n , and t h e t e x t b o o k s w ere c o p ie d by m onks, B u t, t h r o u g h t h e M e i ji R e v o lu t i o n , r e l i g i o n w as e n t i r e l y s e v e r e d frc m e d u c a t i o n , and t h e s c h o o l s w ere s t r i c t l y f o r b i d d e n to g iv e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a tio n * B u d d h ism , l a c k i n g i t s f o r m e r p r o t e c t i o n by t h e T okugaw a g o v e r i m e n t , s u f f e r e d a g r e a t p e r s e c u t i o n . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , fre e d o m o f c o n s c i e n c e w as g r a n t e d t o a l l , a n d C h r i s t i a n i t y m ade a g r e a t a d v a n c e i n th e n a t i o n a l l i f e . B u d d h ism , s t i m u l a t e d by p o l i t i c a l p e r s e c u t i o n an d t h e i n v a s i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y , r o s e t o i t s f e e t , a n d w as r e v i v e d . I t b e g a n anew i t s m ovem ent o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n . The f i r s t e v a n g e l i s t i c a t t e m p t by X a v ie r h a d no im p o r ta n t i n f l u e n c e , b u t C h r i s t i a n i t y i n th e M e i ji e r a h a d a g r e a t i n f l u e n c e u p o n B u d d h ism . The m o st r e p r e s e n t a t i v e m onum ent o f B u d d h is t r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n s i n c e t h e M e i ji e r a c o u ld be s a i d t o be t h a t o f t h e B u d d h is t S unday S c h o o l. iV CONTENTS C h a p te r P ag e I . RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE PERIOD OF THE INTRODUC TION OF BUDDHISM........................................ 1 The s i t u a t i o n o f p r i m i t i v e r e l i g i o n i n J a p a n . . . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n o f B uddhism i n t o J a p a n ......................... . 3 P r i n c e S h o to k u and B u d d h ism . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 R e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e p e o p le . . . . . . . . 7 I I . THE PERIOD OF ’’CHIGO" EDUCATION IN THE TEMPLE . . . . 10 S o c i a l phenom ena a t t h e p e r i o d o f e a r l y "CHIGO" e d u c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 R is e o f "CHICK)" e d u c a t i o n ................................................11 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f "CHIGO" . . . . . . . . . 14 Q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f "CHIGO" and t h e i r s o c i a l s t a t u s • 15 T em ple l i f e o f "CHIGO" and c u r r i c u lu m o f s t u d y . . 16 An e d u c a t i o n o u t s i d e o f t h e te m p le . . . . . . . 19 The e a r l y p u b l i c l i b r a r y i n J a p a n 21 I I I . THE PERIOD OF "CHIGO" EDUCATION IN THE TEMPLE ( c o n . ) . 22 R e l i g i o u s s i t u a t i o n i n th e e r a o f KAMAKURA (1 1 8 6 - 133 3 A .D . ) an d MUROMACHI (1 3 3 4 -1 5 6 8 A .D . ) . . . 22 D e v e lo p m e n t o f "CHIGO" e d u c a t i o n ......................................... 23 I n f l u e n c e on l i t e r a t u r e . . . . 27 G e n e r a l e d u c a ti o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 I n f l u e n c e s o f "CHICK)" i n m ak in g a s t a t u e o f B uddha 29 I T . THE PERIOD OF "TERAKOYA" EDUGAT ION ......................... 30 The s i t u a t i o n o f B uddhism i n th e e r a o f EDO . . . 30 C h a p te r. P age IT . ( c o n . j I n t r o d u c t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y ...................................32 C h r i s t i a n i t y i n J a p a n a f t e r t h e f i r s t m is s i o n o f X a v ie r ............................................ 34 S i t u a t i o n o f B u d d h ism s in c e th e i n t e r d i c t o r y a c t o f C h r i s t i a n i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 An o r i g i n o f "TERAKOYA" . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 The g e n e r a l s u r v e y o f th e r i s i n g an d c l o s i n g o f t h e "TERAKOYA" . . ................................................ 40 The s o c i a l s t a t u s o f m a s t e r s o f t h e "TERAKOYA" i n s t i t u t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 T . THE PERIOD OF "TERAKOYA" EDUCATION ( c o n .) . . . . 56 C u r r i c u l a o f s t u d y a t "TERAKOYA" i n s t i t u t e s . . 56 The s c a l e o f th e "TERAKOYA" i n s t i t u t e s . . .. . 64 G e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g to a n a t t e n d a n c e a t "TERAKOYA" i n s t i t u t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 An a g e o f e n t r a n c e , a p e r i o d o f s t u d y a n d g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n on h o u r an d d a y s o f s t u d y . . * 74 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f "TERAKOYA" . . . . . . . . . . 78 R e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n a t "TERAKOYA" . . . . . . . 80 ¥ 1 . THE PERIOD OF THE RISE OF SUNDAY SCHOOL .... . 83 The p r o c l a m a t io n o f an e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m . . . 83 The r i s e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y . . . . . . . . . . 86.: The r i s e o f t h e B u d d h is t S unday S c h o o l . . . . . 87 The g e n e r a l s t a t u s o f B u d d h is t S u n d ay S c h o o l . . 90 How a r e t h e y o r g a n iz e d and m a in ta in e d ? .. . .. 92 v i C h a p te r P age V I. ( c o n .) The c o m p a ris o n b e tw e e n th e num ber o f S unday S c h o o ls and t h e n um ber o f te m p le s . . . . . . . 99 G e n e ra l e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s o f B uddhism . . 103 R is e o f B uddhisU H ym nals ..... . . . . . . . 105 V I I . CONCLUSION ......................... 106 R e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n i n th e e a r l y p e r i o d ... .. 106 The p e r i o d o f "CHIGO" e d u c a t i o n . . . . . . . 107 The p e r i o d o f "TERAKOYA" e d u c a t i o n . . . . . . . 109 The p e r i o d o f t h e B u d d h is t S u n d ay S c h o o l . . . . I l l BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . .......................... . . . . . . 113 GHAPTER I RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE PERIOD OF THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM THE SITUATION OF PRIMITIVE RELIGION IN JAPAN S h in to is m i s a s p o n ta n e o u s r e l i g i o n w h ic h d e v e lo p e d o u t o f t h e p r i m i t i v e c u l t u r e o f J a p a n . R e l i g i o u s r i t e s an d c u s to m s g rew o u t o f d a i l y l i f e o f t h e p e o p l e . E a r l y S h in to is m w as t r i b a l a n im ism % hich l a t e r d e v e lo p e d i n t o p o l y t h e i s t i c n a t u r e w o r s h ip , c o m b in ed w ith a n c e s t o r w o r s h ip . The s p i r i t u a l m e a n in g o f S h in to is m w as c o m m u n ica te d one t o a n o th e r fro m h e a r t t o h e a r t c o n s c i o u s l y an d e m o t i o n a l l y . E a r l y S h in to is m h a s n o t b e e n d e v e lo p e d t h e o r e t i c a l l y n o r s y s t e m a t i c a l l y ; i f i t h ad b e e n i t w o u ld b e c r u d e . R e is c h a u e r s t a t e s c o n c e r n in g th e p r i m i t i v e r e l i g i o n o f J a p a n a s f o l l o w s ; T h e i r r e l i g i o n w as S h in to -— t h e Way o f t h e G o d s. T h is r e l i g i o n w as, a n d i s i n some o f i t s p h a s e s e v e n t o d a y , a n a n i m i s t i c a n d p o l y t h e i s t i c N a tu re W o rs h ip w ith a s t r o n g a d m ix t u r e o f A n c e s to r W o rs h ip . . .T h e S o u l o f S h in to i s r e v e r e n c e a n d i m p l i c i t o b e d ie n c e t o . t h e M ik a d o ; a n d r e l i g i o n a n d p a t r i o t i s m a r e m ade o n e . ♦ .J a p a n i s r e g a r d e d b y S h in to a s th e s a c r e d l a n d o f t h e g o d s ; a n d e v e r y m o u n ta in , r i v e r , r o c k , t r e e a n d c lo u d i s t h e a b o d e o f d e it y * B ut S h in to w as r e a l l y to o c h i l d i s h i n m any o f i t s c o n c e p tio n s a n d d i d n o t s a t i s f y th e d e e p e r n e e d o f t h e hum an m in d an d h e a r t . A t t h e e n d o f d i s c u s s i o n s on m y th o lo g y an d a n o r i g i n o f t h e c o n c e p ti o n o f g o d s a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e K o j i k i a n d N ih o n S h o k i, P r o f e s s o r T s u c h iy a s t a t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g ^A . K. R e is c h a u e r , S t u d i e s i n J a p a n e s e B u d d h ism , p . 8 2 . com m ents a s t o t h e p r i m i t i v e r e l i g i o n i n J a p a n : A lth o u g h t h e s o - c a l l e d w o r s h ip o f t h e g e n e r a l p e o p le i n th e a n c i e n t tim e w hen th e i n t e l l e c t s o f th e hum an b e in g w ere s o r u d i m e n ta r y w as b a s e d u p o n som ew hat o f a n o b j e c t i v e , s u b s t a n t i a l e x i s t e n c e o r p h en o m en a, n a t u r e w o r s h ip , t h e r i l - a t r y , and t h e w o r s h ip o f p l a n t s o r A nim ism . B u t t h e dom in a n t b e l i e f w as a n c e s t o r w o r s h ip i n w h ic h t h e p e o p le r e g a r d e d th e m s e lv e s a s a v a t a r s o f t h e Sun G od. L a t e r , t h i s c o n c e p t i o n w as t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o ’ S p i r i t i s m ’ o r ’F e t i s h i s m ; ’ th u s p o l y t h e i s t i c w o rs h ip g rew i n t o a n A n th ro p o m o rp h ism c o n t r a r y t o t h e p o l y th e i s m p o s s e s s i n g a d e f i n i t e c r e e d a s l a t e r d e v e lo p e d i n by t h e p e o p le i n g e n e r a l . & I n S h in to a l l i s s i m p l i c i t y : t h e s h r i n e i s th e a n c i e n t b u t s l i g h t l y m o d if ie d w i th o u t e l a b o r a t i o n o r o r n a m e n ta tio n ; w i t h t h e t o r i i , o r b i r d p e r c h , b e f o r e i t , i t c o n t a i n s no i d o l o r sy m b o l e x c e p t a m i r r o r , a n d , i n t h e g r e a t h i s t o r i c t e m p l e s , t h e s t o r e d i n s i g n i a ; th e p r i e s t s a r e p l a i n c i t i z e n s who a r e v e r s e d i n t h e r i t u a l ; th e p r a y e r s a r e in v o lv e d i n fo rm b u t s im p le i n s u b s t a n c e , an d t h e d i v i n i t i e s a r e t h e f a m i l i a r o b j e c t s o f e v e r y d a y c o n te m p la tio n — m o u n ta in s , a n d s e a , an d s u n , a n d r o c k , an d t r e e . A round t h e s e g a t h e r t h e s a c r e d m e m o rie s o f t h e d e a d , a n d c o n n e c te d w ith th em a r e th e t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e p a s t . The w o r s h ip p e r i s c o n s c io u s o f a d o r a t i o n , r e v e r e n c e , w o n d e r, d e p e n d e n c e , b u t h e i s u n a b le t o t e l l th e i n q u i r e r how o r w h y .^ T hus t h e r e w as n e i t h e r c r e e d n o r dogm a n o r r e q u i r e d c e r e m o n i a l , b u t a dim c o n v i c t i o n a n d a v a g u e e m o tio n . As t h e g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n o f p r i m i t i v e J a p a n h a s b e e n o f f e r e d h a b i t u a l l y an d u n c o n s c io u s ly i n t h e i r d a i l y l i f e , t h e i r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n se e m s t o h a v e b e e n g iv e n i n t h e sam e w ay. T h e r e f o r e , w hen t h e e l a b o r a t e f a i t h o f B uddhism was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e c o u n t r y , S h in to c o u ld n o t m a i n t a i n I t s e l f a g a i n s t th e d o c t r i n e s , r i t e s , an d c o m p le te o r g a n i z a t i o n o f i t s r i v a l . ^ ^ ^ S e n k y o T s u c h iy a , A H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o n s i n J a p a n , p . 8 0 . ^G . ¥ . K nox, D e v e lo p m e n t o f R e l i g i o n i n J a p a n . 3 INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM INTO JAPAN A c c o rd in g to N ih o n S h o k i,^ i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h y e a r o f E m p ero r K in m e i, (552 A .D .) K in g S e im e i o f K u d a ra (o n e o f t h r e e s m a ll in d e p e n d e n t kingdom s i n K o re a ) s e n t o f f i c i a l l y a g o ld a n d c o p p e r im age o f B u d d h a, B u d d h is t b o o k s , a n d p r i e s t s , to t h e e m p e ro r o f J a p a n . The t h i r t e e n t h y e a r o f E m p ero r K in m ei h a s b e e n known f o r m any c e n t u r i e s a s t h e y e a r o f t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f B uddhism i n t o J a p a n . I t i s s t i l l m e n tio n e d i n th e s t a t e te x tb o o k o f t h e h i s t o r y o f J a p a n . H o w ev er, t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t o p i n io n s a b o u t th e y e a r a n d m any a s s e r t t h a t t h i s d a te f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f B uddhism i s w ro n g a n d t h a t i t s h o u ld be b e f o r e th e y e a r 552 A .D . A c c o rd in g t o a r e c o r d o f H o r y u j i i n th e J o g u Sho to k u H o o t e i - s e t s u s t a t e s t h a t o n O c to b e r 12 i n t h e y e a r o f T s u c h in o e Uma, K in g S e im e i o f K u d a ra p r e s e n t e d E m p ero r K in m e i a n im age o f B uddha and B u d d h is t b o o k s , a n d th e e m p e ro r g a v e th em t o t h e p rim e m i n i s t e r , S o g a n o -In a m e , to w o r s h ip . The y e a r o f T s u c h in o e IM a, a c c o r d i n g t o th e c h r o n o lo g y o f t h e J o g u S h o to k u H o o t e i s e t s u , i s th e s e v e n t h y e a r o f t h e E m p ero r K in m ei (546 A .D . ) . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a n o t h e r h i s t o r i a n a g r e e s c o n c e r n in g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f B uddhism i n th e y e a r o f T s u c h in o e Uma b u t h e a s s e r t s t h a t th e y e a r i s 538 A .D . T hus t h e r e a r e v a r i e d o p i n i o n s a b o u t t h e d a te * B u t i t i s t r u e t h a t B uddhism h a d a l r e a d y b e e n i n tr o d u c e d am ong t h e ^ T o n e r i- S h in n o , N ih o n S h o k i, (720 A .D .) , i i , p . 65 p e o p le b e f o r e th e o f f i c i a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o th e J a p a n e s e c o u r t . On t h i s p o i n t F u so R y a k k i s t a t e s t h a t i n t h e r e i g n o f E m p ero r K e i t a i (522 A .D .) S h i b a d a t t o , a C h in e s e i n t r o d u c e d B u d d h ism i n t o J a p a n . P r o b a b ly t h e r e w ere o c c a s i o n a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s w ith C h in a a n d K o re a a b o u t B ud d h ism b e in g i n t r o d u c e d p r i v a t e l y t o th e p e o p le o f Ja p a n * I t i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g s t o r y how t h e s e B u d d h is t b e g in n i n g s w e re r e c e i v e d . The E m p ero r o f J a p a n w as a p p a r e n t l y g r e a t l y p l e a s e d w i t h t h e s e g i f t s , f o r i t m u st b e rem e m b e red t h a t im a g e s and b o o k s w ere e x c e e d in g ly r a r e among t h e s im p le J a p a n e s e o f t h a t e a r l y d a y . He s a i d to th e m e s s e n g e r s , ' I h a v e n e v e r h e a r d s u c h s u b lim e t e a c h i n g s , y e t I m y s e lf d a r e n o t d e c i d e w h e th e r t o a c c e p t t h i s d o c t r i n e o r n o t . ’ The m a t t e r w as s u b m i tt e d to t h e c o u n s e l o f h i s v a s s a l s _a n d o n e , Sogo no Inam e r e p l i e d , - ’ W e ste rn c o u n t r i e s a l l b e l i e v e t h i s d o c t r i n e and why s h o u ld n o t w e ? ’ B u t tw o o t h e r m i n i s t e r s o f a m ore c o n s e r v a t i v e d i s p o s i t i o n s a i d i n s u b s t a n c e , ’We h a v e o u r own g o d s , a n d i f we now c h a n g e an d w o rs h ip t h e g o d s o f o t h e r n a t i o n s we a r e i n d a n g e r o f b r i n g i n g th e w r a th o f o u r g o d s u p o n o u r h e a d s . ’ T he im age w as t u r n e d o v e r t o S oga w ith t h e i n s t r u c t i o n t h a t he w as t o w o rs h ip t h e new god a n d g iv e th e new r e l i g i o n a t e s t ; f o r l i k e t h e A th e n ia n s o f o l d th e J a p a n e s e d i d n o t d a re r u n t h e r i s k o f l e a v i n g a n y god w ith o u t a n a l t a r e v e n th o u g h t h e y a l r e a d y h a d m y r ia d s o f t h e i r own* S oga a c c o r d i n g l y c o n v e r te d h i s own h o u s e i n t o a te m p le , s e t up th e new im age an d b e g a n t h e new c u l t . B ut s o o n a f t e r t h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e new g o d a t e r r i b l e p e s t i l e n c e a f f l i c t e d th e l a n d and t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e p a r t y w e re n o t slo w i n d i s c o v e r i n g i n t h i s t h e w r a th o f t h e i r n a t i v e g o d s . S o g a ’ s te m p le w as b u r n e d t o th e g r o u n d , an d th e B u d d h is t im age w as th ro w n i n t o a c a n a l o f N aniw a (O s a k a ) . The B u d d h is t god w a s , h a w e v e r, t o g e t h i s i n n in g s a n d show w h a t he c o u ld d o . A g r e a t c o n f l a g r a t i o n s u d d e n ly d e s t r o y e d t h e g r e a t h a l l o f th e I m p e r i a l r e s i d e n c e , a n d , o f c o u r s e , t h i s c o u ld h a v e b u t o n e m ean in g * F u r th e r m o r e , t h e p e s t i l e n c e seem s t o h a v e o n ly i n c r e a s e d i n v i o l e n c e a n d t h r e a t e n e d t o e x t i n g u i s h th e n a t i o n . Some c la im t h a t th e im age w as t h e r e f o r e s p e e d i l y f i s h e d u p fro m t h e s e a and r e v e r e n t l y p l a c e d i n a new h o u s e o f w o r s h ip .^ ^ R e i s c h a u e r , o n . c i t . . p . 8 1 . A f t e r a s t r u g g l e B u d d h ism won f o r i t s e l f a p l a c e i n t h e h e a r t s o f th e m em bers o f t h e r u l i n g f a m ily a n d s e c u r e d p r o t e c t i o n . I n t h e r e i g n o f E m p re ss S u ik o (5 9 3 -6 2 8 A .D .) P r i n c e S h o to k u becam e an a r d e n t B u d d h is t a n d m ade B udd h ism t h e s t a t e r e l i g i o n * PRINCE SHOTOKU AND BUDDHISM Soon a f t e r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f B u d d h ism , f r e q u e n t com m u n ic a tio n s w ith C h in a a n d K o re a b e g a n and t h e p r i e s t s , b o o k s , a n d im a g e s c o n ti n u e d to com e, t o g e t h e r w ith t h e t h i n g s s p e c i a l l y a s k e d f o r . T h u s , B uddhism b e g a n t o t a k e r o o t i n J a p a n , an d p r o g r e s s e d u n d e r t h e z e a lo u s w o r s h ip p in g o f t h e m em bers o f t h e r u l i n g f a m i ly a n d u n d e r t h e i r p r o t e c t i o n . E m p re ss S u ik o (5 9 5 -6 2 8 A .D .) becam e a n e a r n e s t B u d d h is t. She g a v e t h e a f f a i r s o f s t a t e to t h e P r i n c e S h o to k u so t h a t s h e c o u ld h a v e m ore th a e f o r a d v a n c in g t h e new f a i t h . I n t h e r e i g n o f t h e E m p re s s , t h e r e w as a n im p o r ta n t e v e n t i n t h e h i s t o r y o f J a p a n . The P r i n c e h i m s e l f becam e a n a r d e n t B u d d h is t a n d a d m i n i s t e r e d th e a f f a i r s o f s t a t e i n s u c h a way t h a t e v e r y t h i n g te n d e d to w a rd s t h e s p r e a d o f B u d d h ism . He p r o m u lg a te d a c o n s t i t u t i o n o f S e v e n te e n A r t i c l e s i n w h ic h h e o r d e r e d h i s p e o p le t o p a y a l l d u e r e s p e c t t o t h e new r e l i g i o n . He im p o rte d fr c m K o re a s c h o l a r s , a r c h i t e c t s , wood c a r v e r s , b r o n z e f o u n d e r s , w e a v e r s , c la y m o d e l e r s , m a s o n s , g i l d e r s , a n d t i l e m a k e r s . A l l t h e s e w ere e n g a g e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g o f te m p le s . He b u i l t s e v e n te m p l e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e fam o u s H o r y u ji n e a r N a r a , w h ich w as b u i l t i n 607 A .D . an d i s s t i l l s t a n d i n g . A b o u t tw e lv e y e a r s a f t e r t h e p r o m u lg a tio n o f t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f S e v e n te e n A r t i c l e s , P r i n c e .S h o t o k u e s t a b l i s h e d f o u r s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s ; n a m e ly , S e y a k u in , R y o b y o -in , H id e n - i n , an d K e i d e n - i n . S e y a k u - in w as a d i s p e n s a r y w h ere p o o r p e o p le r e c e i v e d m e d ic in e s g r a t i s . T he s e c o n d , R y o b y o -in , w as a s t a t e h o s p i t a l w here p o o r p e o p le c o u ld h a v e m e d ic in e s and ro o m s , a n d r e c e i v e m e d ic a l t r e a t m e n t g r a t i s . The t h i r d . H id e n - i n , w as a s o c i a l s e t t l e m e n t w h e re p o o r p e o p le w e re g iv e n fo o d a n d s h e l t e r i n r e t u r n f o r t h e i r w o rk . And f i n a l l y , K e id e n - in w as a s o c i a l h a l l ; — so m e tim e s i t w as u s e d a s a c la s s r o o m w h ere l e c t u r e s o n B uddhism w e re h e ld f o r th e common p e o p l e . The m o tiv e w h ic h l e d to th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e f o u r i n s t i t u t i o n s cam e fro m h i s new f a i t h . He b e n t a l l h i s e n e r g i e s t o p ro m o te t h e new r e l i g i o n and t o c o n s t r u c t te m p le s a n d s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s w here t h e p e o p le c o u ld be e d u c a te d . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , n o t s t r a n g e t h a t by t h e e n d o f E m p re ss S u ik o ’ s r e i g n (6 2 4 A .D .) t h e r e w e re a l r e a d y f o r t y - s i x te m p le s i n e x i s t e n c e , an d 816 p r i e s t s a n d 569 n u n s h a d b e e n c o n s e c r a t e d . The p r i e s t s i n t r o d u c e d c i v i l i z a t i o n , t a u g h t a g r i c u l t u r e , b u i l t r o a d s , c o n s t r u c t e d te m p l e s , an d w e re t h e t e a c h e r s o f m e d ic in e , p h ilo s o p h y , la w , an d a r t * A c c o r d in g ly th e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e p r i e s t s an d t h e p e o p le w ere t h o s e o f f r i e n d s h i p an d t h e p e o p le w ere r e a d i l y l e d i n t o t h e new r e l i g i o n . T hus th e c o n v e r s i o n o f t h e P r i n c e b r o u g h t a g r e a t e f f e c t i n t o J a p a n . RELIGIOUS EDUCATION FOR THE PEOPLE fam o u s m o n a s te r y , H o r y u j l , w as a n e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t e f o r P r i n c e S h o to k u h i m s e l f a n d h i s f a m ily c o n c e r n in g B u d d h ism . B udd h ism a l r e a d y w as t h e r e l i g i o n o f t h e s t a t e a n d th e f a i t h o f e d u c a te d m en. I t g a in e d i t s f i r s t and c h i e f h o ld o n th e u p p e r and r u l i n g c l a s s e s r a t h e r th a n Upon t h e common p e o p l e . The u p p e r c l a s s o f p e o p le c o u ld l e a r n B uddhism e a s i l y fro m th e p r i e s t s a t t h e te m p le s h u t i n th e e a r l y d a y s t h e common p e o p le c o u ld h o t s t u d y B ud d h ism i n t h e t e m p le s . The k n o w le d g e w h ic h common p e o p le h a d a b o u t B u d d h ism , t h e r e f o r e , w as v e r y n a rro w a n d s h a l lo w . B u t a s I h a v e s t a t e d a b o v e . B uddhism w as f a m i l i a r t o t h e p e o p le who l i v e d i n a n a tm o s p h e re o f B u d d h ism . They w e re s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d b y th e f a i t h . E s p e c i a l l y a r t , t h e s p l e n d i d t e m p le s , t o w e r s , and im a g e s , w h ich t h e y c o u l d g a z e u p o n e v e r y d a y , g a v e a s t r o n g r e l i g i o u s f e e l i n g t o t h e p e o p le . How th e y w ere i n s p i r e d by h e a r i n g th e e v e n in g b e l l o f t h e te m p le s J E v e ry d a y t h e r e w as a l a r g e num ber o f t h e p e o p le a t t h e te m p le t o h e a r se rm o n s and t o g e t new l i v i n g i d e a s o f t h e new c i v i l i z a t i o n . T h e re a r e m any r e c o r d s c o n c e r n in g th e e d u c a t i o n o f th e p r i e s t s b u t t h e r e a r e v e r y few r e c o r d s r e l a t i n g t o t h e e d u c a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n . E v en a s c h o o l o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n w as n o t y e t e s t a b l i s h e d . T w e n ty - th r e e y e a r s a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f P r i n c e S h o to k u , i n t h e r e i g n o f E m p ress K okyoku (6 4 4 A .D .) t h e f i r s t p r i v a t e s c h o o l was f o u n d e d ; b u t t h e r e i s n o r e c o r d o f i t s s y s te m . 8 T h e re .w a s no s y s t e m a t i c t e a c h i n g f o r t h e c h i l d r e n a b o u t t h e r e l i g i o n . T hey w ere i n f l u e n c e d by t h e r e l i g i o u s e n v ir o n m en t i n t h e i r hom es an d g r o u p s . T h e re h a d b e e n a woman c a l l e d Shim a who w as a d a u g h te r o f T o r i , a fam o u s c a r v e r , an d h e r f a t h e r ’s g r a n d f a t h e r , S h ib a - D a tto i n t r o d u c e d B uddhism i n t o t h e c o u n t r y . S h im a, when e l e v e n y e a r s o l d , c h a n g e d h e r nam e t o Z e n s h ln , a B u d d h is t nam e m e a n in g g ood f a i t h . M o re o v e r, T a s u n a , a s o n o f S h i b a - B a t t o , w as c o n v e r te d a n d becam e a p r i e s t . I t i s n o t s t r a n g e a t a l l , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t T o r i , a so n o f T a s u n a , becam e a fam o u s c a r v e r o f f i r s t r a n k among th e B u d d h is t im age c a r v e r s . T h is i s a c a s e sh o w in g how c h i l d r e n w ere i n f l u e n c e d by B uddhism i n th e hom e. B u t i t w as a v e r y v a g u e i n f l u e n c e a n d we c a n n o t f i n d th e r e c o r d o f t h e t r a i n i n g m e th o d u n t i l t h e r i s e o f th e "C h ig o " e d u c a t i o n , w h ic h i s t h e t r a i n i n g o f p u p i l s i n th e te m p le . T hus B uddhism i n th o s e d a y s p o s s e s s e d no s y s t e m a t i c o r s u f f i c i e n t m eth o d o f 'c h i l d - e d u c a t i o n . A c c o r d in g ly t h e r e l i g i o u s l i f e a d o p te d by p a r e n t s i n e a c h f a m i ly h a d b e e n a n i n f l u e n t i a l f a c t o r f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r b u i l d i n g o f y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y u p - b u i l d i n g o f r e l i g i o u s f a i t h * I t i s a w e l l know n f a c t th r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y t h a t p a r e n t s h a v e t a k e n a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e s u c c e s s o f c h i l d e d u c a t i o n . E ven i n t h e d a y s o f C h ig o e d u c a t i o n d u r in g t h e e r a o f N a ra o r T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e fro m K am akura up u n t i l th e p e r i o d o f E d o , p a r e n t s p la y e d a n im p o r ta n t r o l e i n c h i l d e d u c a t i o n . S o a r e s s a i d ; H e r e in i s th e p rim a c y o f t h e f a m i l y i n r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n . The f a m ily c a n n o t d e l e g a t e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . W here f o l k w ays a r e c o n c e r n e d , t h e f a m i ly i s i n e v i t a b l y t h e f i r s t a n d fu n d a m e n ta l e d u c a t o r . I t s i d e a s , h a b i t s , p r a c t i c e s , a n d a t t i t u d e s w i l l be t a k e n o v e r by t h e c h i l d r e n . ^ ^ T h e o d o re G. S o a r e s , R e l i g i o u s E d u c a ti o n . p . 5 6 . 10 CHAPTER I I THE PERIOD OF "CHIGO" EDUCATION IN THE TEMPLE SOCIAL PHENOMENA AT THE PERIOD OF EARLY "CHIGO" EDUCATION Owing t o th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p r o v i n c i a l a s w e l l a s com mon te m p le s , B u d d h ism , w h ic h h ad b e e n t h e r e l i g i o n o f em p er o r s and th e n o b i l i t y , b e g a n to c o n v e r t t h e m ass o f p e o p le i n t h e " I s l a n d E m p ir e ." C o n s e q u e n tly , i t becam e a g e n e r a l t e n d e n c y among common p e o p le to a t t e n d t h e t e m p l e ’ s s e r v i c e s a n d l i s t e n to th e c e r e m o n ie s o f th e p r i e s t s , a n d t h e c r e e d o f B u d d h ism . Due t o th e f a c t t h a t e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e e r a o f N a ra w ere n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y p r o v i d e d , t h e g e n e r a l e d u c a ti o n o f th e m ass o f t h e p e o p le w as c o m p a r a t i v e l y lo w . H e n c e , t h e com mon p e o p le c o u ld n o t u n d e r s t a n d th e p ro fo u n d c o n c e p ti o n o f t h e c r e e d a s w e l l a s t h e p h ilo s o p h y o f B u d d h ism . T h e i r b e l i e f w as m ore o r l e s s b a s e d u p o n th e m a t e r i a l i s t i c o r ob j e c t i v e c o n c e p t i o n . S u ch r e l i g i o u s f a i t h o b t a i n e d b y a n a id o f m a t e r i a l i s m , th o u g h i t p ro d u c e d a g o ld e n e r a i n th e m ean t im e , w a s, no d o u b t , l i a b l e t o b r i n g a d e c l i n e i n f a i t h . As a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s u c h b e l i e f i n th e " E ra o f N a r a ," ;^ e o p le s u c c e e d e d i n th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s a n d s c u l p t u r a l a c c o m p lis h m e n t* B u t we m u st rem em ber t h a t t h e a b o v e f a c t s do n o t m a n i f e s t th e t r u e f a i t h o f t h e p e o p le i n t h e i r r e l i g i o n . A t t h e p e r i o d o f K am ak u ra, known a s t h e e r a o f 1 1 f e r v e n t f a i t h i n th e h i s t o r y o f J a p a n e s e B u d d h ism , t h e r e w ere few s u c h m a r v e lo u s a c h ie v e m e n ts i n th e f i e l d o f a r t . From t h e a b o v e f a c t we c a n c o n c in d e t h a t t h e b a s i c q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e p r o d u c in g o f s u p e r i o r a r t i s d e p e n d e n t m ore o r l e s s u p o n t h e d e g r e e o f p o s s e s s i o n o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a e s t h e t i c , s e n s i t i v e an d e x p r e s s i o n a l s e n s e s . A t t h i s p e r i o d th e t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f B u d d h is t S u t r a b e g a n t o b e u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y s i n c e i t p o s s e s s e d so u n d a n d p o s i t i v e v ie w s o f l i f e r a t h e r t h a n c o n s e r v a t i v e d o c t r i n e s o f t h e m o n k s. D u rin g t h i s p e r i o d a n d e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g th e e r a o f H e ia n , B uddhism g a i n e d a s t r o n g h o l d a n d becam e v e r y m uch m ore s p i r i t u a l and t h i s i n d i c a t e s a phenom enon o f t h e t r a n s i t i o n a l p e r i o d , o n t h e way to an e r a o f K am akura w h ere a tre m e n d o u s g ro w th o f B uddhism h a d t a k e n p l a c e . RISE OF CHIGO EDUCATION As I s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e f u n c t i o n s o f th e m onks w ere n o t m e r e ly to r e a d s c r i p t u r e s o r to c o n d u c t c e r e m o n ie s ; t h e m onks w ere th e c u l t u r a l l e a d e r s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e commun i t i e s . S in c e m onks h a d b e e n p h i l o s o p h e r s , and p o s s e s s o r s o f l i t e r a r y t a l e n t s an d m e d ic a l k n o w le d g e , common p e o p le h a d g r e a t e s t r e s p e c t and a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e i r s e r v i c e s . H e n c e , B u d d h is t te m p le s becam e th e c e n t e r o f l e a r n i n g a n d c o n t r i b u t e d a g r e a t d e a l t o t h e com m unity p r o g r e s s . Thus t h e s t i m u l i o f s o c i a l m ovem ents h a d s p ru n g fro m th e t e m p l e , an d r i t e s a n d c e r e m o n ie s o f t h e te m p le w ere f i n a l l y a d o p te d b y t h e common p e o p le a s t h e i r a n n u a l p r a c t i c e . W ith t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f 12 e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s i n B u d d h is t t e m p l e s , i t becam e th e common c u sto m to a d o p t c h i l d r e n i n te m p le s a n d b r i n g th em up i n th e r e l i g i o u s a tm o s p h e r e o f B u d d h is t t e m p l e s . T h e re w ere no r e c o r d s w h ic h c l a r i f y th e o r i g i n o f " C h ig o " e d u c a t i o n , b u t i n t h e s e c t i o n o f S o n i r e i , t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f monk a n d n u n , i n t h e T a ih o ry o A c ts w h ic h h a d b e e n i s s u e d b y t h e E m p ero r Monmu i n th e f i r s t y e a r o f T a ih o (7 0 1 A .D .) p r e s c r i b e s a s f o l l o w s : "A r i g h t t o p o s s e s s a n um ber o f c h i l d r e n o f g o o d f a i t h w as g i v e n t o th e m onk, b u t t h e monk r e q u i r e d th e m to r e t u r n t o t h e i r hom es when th e y becam e a n a g e o f s e v e n t e e n ." W h ile a t t e n d i n g to t h e m is c e ll a n e o u s t a s k s i n t h e te m p le , t h o s e C h ig o d e v o te d m o st o f t h e i r tim e t o t h e p r a c t i c e o f B u d d h i s t i c a u s t e r i t i e s . S in c e t h e r e w as a la w r e q u i r i n g th e n e c e s s i t y o f t a x a t i o n o f e v e r y m a le c i t i z e n a b o v e s e v e n t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , i t w as a d u ty o f C h ig o , t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r n a t i v e p l a c e s i n o r d e r to f u l f i l l t h e i r d u ty * B u t t h e la w d i d n o t a p p ly t o t h e fe m a le • A c c o rd in g t o a n o r d in a n c e i s s u e d i n t h o s e d a y s C h ig o w as s e l e c t e d fro m a g ro u p o f y o u n g s t e r s who p o s s e s s e d a s t r o n g f a i t h i n B u d d h ism . E x e c u tiv e s i n t h o s e d a y s r e c o g n i z e d th e r a p i d g r o w th o f B u d d h is t f a i t h among t h e y o u n g e r p e o p l e . From t h e d ,a ily r o u t i n e o f t h e te m p le s e r v i c e , th o s e C h ig o r e c e i v e d tre m e n d o u s i n f l u e n c e s i n t h e i r s p i r i t u a l b u i l d i n g an d t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r e s s . T h u s t h e C h ig o e d u c a t i o n a t t h e te m p le u n d e r t h e g u id a n c e o f m onks becam e v e r y p o p u la r i n t h e e r a o f H e ia n . 13 A lth o u g h t h e r e w ere few m a n u s c r i p ts r e l a t i n g t o G higo i n t h e e r a o f N a r a , i n t h e e r a o f H e ia n a num ber o f re m a rk a b l e m a s t e r p i e c e s w ere p r o d u c e d . I n th e m o n th o f J u n e o f s e v e n te e n i n t h e y e a r o f S n ry a k u (7 9 3 ) t h e h i g h e r e x e c u t i v e i s s u e d a p r o c l a m a t io n w h ic h p r o v id e d r e g u l a t i o n s a s t o "S o g o " and t e n l e a d i n g te m p le s i n t h i s p e r i o d . I t s t a t e d t h e p r i v i l e g e s r e l a t i n g t o p o s s e s s i o n o f G higo a c c o r d i n g to th e r a n k s o f m onks T hus i t f o l lo w s : B anks A s s i s t a n t S ra m a n e ra ( n o v ic e ) "G h ig o " 1 . B is h o p 5 4 8 8 . 1 s t ¥ i c a r - G e n e r a l s o f H ig h r a n k Y ie a r-G * o f m id d le r a n k V ic a r - G . o f lo w r a n k 4 3 6 3 . 1 s t r a n k p r e c e p t o r s 3 Z 4 4 . M a s te r o f C e re m o n ie s 1 1 Z 5 . A s s i s t a n t M a s te r X 1 Z 6 . A b b o ts h ip o f T o d a i j i 8 z Z 7 . H ead s o f l a r g e t e n te m p le s 1 1 Z W ith t h e tre m e n d o u s i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b ers o f G h ig o , e s p e c i a l l y a t th e l a t e r p a r t o f H e ia n p e r i o d , th e p ro b le m a r o s e am ong i n t e l l e c t u a l l e a d e r s r e l a t i n g t o th e r e g u l a t i o n o f G h ig o . I n t h e f i r s t y e a r o f T en sh o (1 1 3 1 A .D .) E n r iy a k u te m p le s u b m i tt e d a p e t i t i o n to r e g u l a t e t h e num ber o f G higo b e c a u s e i t w as common e v e n am ong t h e m onks o f h u m b le p o s i t i o n t o 14 p o s s e s s s e v e r a l G h ig o s , an d a s s i g n th e m to th e v a r i o u s t a s k s o f t h e i r t e m p l e s . GLASSIFIOATION OF CHIGO Due t o t h e tre m e n d o u s i n c r e a s e o f G h ig o , th e y w ere c l a s s i f i e d i n t o tw o d i v i s i o n s . The f i r s t g ro u p c o m p ris e d th o s e G h ig o who te n d e d s o l e l y t o t h e m i s c e ll a n e o u s t a s k s o f t h e te m p le ; t h e s e c o n d g ro u p c o m p ris e d t h o s e C h ig o w hose o b j e c t w as t o a t t a i n t o a n e d u c a t i o n a l a c h ie v e m e n t a n d t h e s t u d y o f B u d d h ism . The f o r m e r w ere c a l l e d "W araw a" a n d t h e l a t t e r w e re c a l l e d " W a ra b e ", a n d b o t h c o r r e s p o n d t o th e m e a n in g s o f G h ig o |c h i j . d ) . T h ese c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w ere made u s u a l l y i n t h e m id d le o f H eian e r a . S in c e b o th h a d a s i m i l a r o r i g i n , th e y w e re v e r y com m only m is ta k e n a s t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d e s i g n a t i o n . W ith th e d e c l i n i n g o f th e e m p e ro r’ s p o w e r, th o s e r e g u l a t i o n s f o r m u la te d u n d e r th e T a ih o ry o A c ts g r a d u a l l y d i s a p p e a r e d . A c c o r d in g ly , t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f G higo on t h e b a s i s o f a g e w as n o t s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d , t h e n s im p ly c l a s s i f i e d a s m a tu re d ( d a i d o j i j , y o u n g ( c h u - d o j i ) a n d i n f a n t ( s h o - d o j i ) c h i g o .^ P r o f e s s o r T o k a h a s h i q u o t e s i n K lrvom ondo a m a n u s c r ip t w h ic h r e v e a l s a n e x i s t e n c e o f G h ig o w hose a g e w as a b o v e s e v e n t y . G higo u s u a l l y c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e c l a s s e s b a s e d u p o n a n i n d i v i d u a l ’ s i n t e n t i o n s , d u t i e s a n d l e n g t h o f p e r i o d . ^ S h u n jo T a k a h a s h i. H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a ti o n , p . 38 15 T h o se C h ig o w hose a im w as t o r e c e i v e a n e d u c a t i o n w ere c u s to m a r i l y r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r h o m es, a f t e r f i n i s h i n g t h e i r s t u d i e s , a n d p u r s u e d t h e i r f a t h e r s * t a s k s * B e s id e s t h e s e , t h e r e w e re a l s o o t h e r y o u n g s t e r s w ith a d e s i r e t o becom e m onks who w e re a l s o c a l l e d G h ig o . Thus t h e r e w e re t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ; 1 . T hose G higo who w ere s o l e l y e n g a g e d w ith t h e m i s c e l l a n e o u s t a s k s o f a te m p le . 8 . T h o se G higo who h ad d e v o te d th e m s e lv e s s o l e l y to l e a r n i n g an d t h e s tu d y o f B u d d h ism and t h e y r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r hom es a f t e r f i n i s h i n g t h e i r s t u d i e s . 3 . T h o se G higo who i n te n d e d to becom e m o n k s. R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , t h e r e w as no d i f f e r e n c e a s t o t h e i r d a i l y t a s k s , a n d t h e y w e re e q u a l l y t r e a t e d u n d e r th e name " C h ig o ." QUALIFICATION OF "CHIGO" AND THEIR SOCIAL STATUS W ith a few e x c e p t i o n s , t h e r e w ere no d e f i n i t e r e g u l a t i o n s a s t o t h e a g e o f " C h ig o ." T hey e n t e r e d te m p le l i f e u s u a l l y b e tw e e n e i g h t an d t e n y e a r s o f a g e . I t h a d b e e n t o l d t h a t , w h ile i n th e te m p le o f N in n a , T a ir a n o T su n em asa f u l f i l l e d e v e r y p o s s i b l e d u ty u n d e r t h e g u id a n c e o f K a k u sh o -E o -n o S h in n o u n t i l h e w as t h i r t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , t h e tim e o f G enpuku (m a tu re c erem o n y ) . ^ The q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r C h ig o w ere a s f o l l o w s : ^ H e ik e M o n o g a ta r i, V o l. V I I . 16 1 . He m u st p o s s e s s a k e e n i n t e l l e c t , s i n c e i t w as r e q u i r e d t o g r a s p th e d e e p e r and p h i l o s o p h i c c o n c e p tio n o f B u d d h ism . 2 . N e a tn e s s i n a p p e a r a n c e w as h i g h l y d em an d ed , s i n c e i t w as a c u s to m i n t h o s e d a y s to i m i t a t e t h e w ays o f t h e f e m a le by w e a rin g t h e i r c o stu m e o r b y a n a r t i f i c i a l d e c o r a t i o n , th o u g h i t w as n o t a n a b s o l u t e n e c e s s i t y b u t w as p r e f e r r e d . D u rin g t h e H e ia n e r a t h e l a r g e r num ber o f G higo came fro m th e f a m i l i e s o f th e c o u r t i e r . B ut l a t e r t h i s p r a c t i c e w as c h an g ed * T he G higo fro m t h e f a m i l i e s o f k n i g h t s d o m in a te d an d a fe w cam e fro m th e f a m i l i e s o f common p e o p le . G h ig o e n t e r e d tem p le l i f e u s u a l l y u p o n a r e q u e s t on th e p a r t o f t h e te m p le , o r by t h e d e s i r e o f p a r e n t s ; b u t t h e ma j o r i t y o f t h e c a s e s , a s h i s t o r y r e c o r d s , w ere o f p a r e n t a l / r e q u e s t s . Tm PLE L IFE OF GHIGO AND GURRICÜLÜM OF STUDY B r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e l i f e o f C h ig o w e re r e c o r d e d i n b o o k s w r i t t e n a t c o n te m p o r a ry p e r i o d ; b u t a s t o t h e d e t a i l , we m u st r e l y u p o n t h e m a n u s c r ip t w r i t t e n by S h u - k a k u -H o s h in n o , t h e s e c o n d s o n o f th e e m p e ro r, G o s h ira k a w a (1 1 2 7 -1 1 9 2 A .D .) . I t w as a r u l e o f a C higo t o g e t u p e a r l y i n th e m o rn in g a n d p u r i f y h i s b o d y and s o u l and t h e n o f f e r p r a y e r s t o th e g o d o f " C h in z u ," (a l o c a l d e i t y ) a s w e l l a s t h e God o f A l l , 17 and t o r e a d t h e s c r i p t u r e s I n t h e S u t r a of H annyakyo^ o r Fumonhon S u t r a . ’ Those d a i l y r u l e s o f C higo d e s c r i b e d above w ere s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d . B e in g a S h in g o n s e c t , t h e te m p le o f H i n n a j i had no r u l e p e r t a i n i n g to an e v e n in g t a s k ; b u t e m p h a s is was m ore o r l e s s b e in g p la c e d upon th e c u l t u r a l a c h ie v e m e n t and i t s s t r o n g aim was t o c u l t i v a t e a n e s s e n c e o f h i g h e r m o r a l i t y and i n t e l l e c t u a l a c c o m p lis h m e n t; t h e r e b y , o b e d ie n c e to a m a s te r was s t r i c t l y m a i n t a i n e d and C higo was t r e a t e d on th e b a s i s o f a f a t h e r and s o n r e l a t i o n s h i p . No a rg u m e n t w h a ts o e v e r was p e r m i t t e d . As I s t a t e d a b o v e , t h i s c u sto m was m a in ta in e d and t h e r u l e s w ere s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d an d w ere a d a p te d i n T e ra k o y a i n l a t e r y e a r s . A lth o u g h S u t r a was s t u d i e d , th e m a jo r s u b j e c t was t h e s tu d y o f C h in e s e c l a s s i c s , th e m in o r was t h e c o m p o s itio n o f p o e t r y and th e ”U ta ” { J a p a n e s e ode) and a l l t h e c l a s s e s w ere c o n d u c te d u n d e r a s t r i c t s u p e r v i s i o n . L e t u s g l a n c e th r o u g h some o f th e r u l e s r e c o r d e d by Sugaw ara E u m ito k i. 1 . Thou s h a l l n o t w r i t e on th e s u r f a c e o f ^^Suzuri.** ( I n k - s t o n e ) . % . I s h i z u k a , S t . H onen. p . 7 0 8 . . - ^ ;S . K. E r a j n a p a r a m i t a - r h r d a y n - s u t r a . T h ere a r e two te % ts o f an o r i g i n a l s a n s k r i t i n th e S u t r a — t h e l a r g e r and t h e s m a l l e r . B o th o f t h e s e w ere t r a n s l a t e d i n t o C h in e s e , th e f o r m er f o u r and t h e l a t t e r t h r e e t i m e s . The one commonly u se d i n J a p a n i s th e t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e s m a l l e r by H io u s e n - th a n g o f th e Tang d y n a s ty ( 5 1 6 - 9 0 7 ) . We h a v e a l s o and E n g li s h t r a n s l a t i o n o f b o th t e x t s by Mux M u l l e r , i n th e S a c re d Books o f t h e E a s t , V o l. XDIX. T h is S u t r a , a lth o u g h t h e s h o r t e s t S u t r a , b e i n g so c o n c i s e , i s l a r g e l y u s e d i n J a p a n and C h in a ; by r e a d i n g i t i t was th o u g h t one would s e c u r e immense h a p p in e s s an d f r e e dom fro m a l l c a l a m i t i e s . 1 6 2 . Thou s h a l l n o t p u t a k n i f e on th e book w h ile w r i t i n g i 3 . Thou s h a l l n o t u s e t h e w a te r f o r any p u rp o s e w h ich had b e e n u s e d f o r g a r g l e . 4 . Thou s h a l l n o t u s e a c u r t a i n to c l e a n y o u r h a n d s . 5 . Thou s h a l l n o t s t e p on th e m a rg in o f t a t a m i ( m a t) . 6 . Thou s h a l l n o t s t e p on r e a r s i d e o f c a r p e t . 7 . Thou s h a l l n o t u s e c h o p s t i c k s a s t o o t h p i c k s . 8 . Thou s h a l l n o t u s e r a i n y w a t e r f o r a w r i t i n g p u r p o s e . 9 . Thou s h a l l n o t u se l i q u o r f o r w r i t i n g f l u i d . 1 0 . Thou s h a l l n o t u s e a b o o k c a se a s p i l l o w . 1 1 . Thou s h a l l n o t l e a v e a copy o f S u t r a , C h in e s e c l a s s i c , o r Wakan, t e x t b o o k s , on th e f l o o r w ith o u t g i v i n g a p r o p e r . c a r e . ^ U nder s u c h r u l e s and p u r s u in g a r e g u l a r c u r r i c u lu m , m u si c a l i n s t r u m e n t s w ere h i g h l y e ste e m e d by C h ig o . T hose o f w e ll known f i g u r e s i n J a p a n e s e h i s t o r y u s u a l l y p o s s e s s e d a s p l e n d i d t a l e n t o f m u s ic a l i n s t r u m e n t s . U shiw aka was n o te d f o r h i s s k i l l on a f l u t e and T a i r a - no T sunem asa was i n Biwa i n s t r u m e n t. P l a y in g G h ack er, S u g o ro k u , b a l l , and a r c h e r y w ere e q u a l l y d e l i g h t f u l am usem ents o f C h ig o , b u t C higo w ere u s u a l l y a d v is e d n o t t o in d u lg e i n th o s e gam es t o th e e x tre m e d e g r e e . D u rin g th e p e r i o d o f Kam akura and M urom achi, th e C higo e d u c a t i o n and i t s f a c i l i t i e s w ere d e v e lo p e d to a m arked d e g r e e , w hich I w i l l d e s c r i b e l a t e r , b u t t h i s i n d i c a t e s a t l e a s t a p ro fo u n d a c t i v i t y o f th e te m p le e d u c a t i o n and a d e s i r a b l e s i t u a t i o n a s a w h o le . ^ T a k a h a s h i, o p . c i t . , p . 4 1 . 19 AN EDUCATION OUTSIDE OF THE TEMPLE N o tw ith s ta n d in g th e m arked d e v e lo p m e n t o f te m p le e d u c a t i o n , th e common o r s e c u l a r e d u c a ti o n was m ore o r l e s s r u d i m e n ta ry , and i t i s v e ry d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n n e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a tio n ; b u t i t s e x i s t e n c e i s c l e a r l y r e c o r d e d i n th e manu s c r i p t o f Em peror Kyoyoku (644 A .D .) w r i t t e n t w e n t y - t h r e e y e a r s a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f P r i n c e S h o to k u . The m a n u s c r ip t r e c o r d s v e ry few comm ents and i t s d e s c rip * t i o n i s v a g u e ; h e n c e , we c a n n o t a s c e r t a i n i t s e q u ip m e n t o f te m p le o r e v e n l e n g t h o f p e r i o d o f i t s e x i s t e n c e . The e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s o f th e s e c u l a r s y s te m c o u ld n o t s u r v i v e and w ent o u t o f e x i s t e n c e b e c a u s e o f th e r i s e o f th e p o w e rfu l te m p le e d u c a t i o n . I n t h e e r a o f H e ia n an e d u c a t i o n a l e q u ip m e n t o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g had b e en e s t a b l i s h e d . K a n g a k u in , S o g a k u in , and Gak- u k w an in w ere w e l l known i n s t i t u t i o n s . They were c a l l e d ^ ’Besso*^ and w ere v e ry s i m i l a r t o th o s e o f c o l l e g e s e x i s t i n g i n a n e a r l i e r p e r i o d o f E u ro p e . T h e re a r e no e v id e n c e s t h a t th e y w ere in d e p e n d e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s ; b u t a c c o r d i n g t o c e r t a i n s o u r c e s th e y w ere o r g a n iz e d by t h e s t u d e n t body i t s e l f . T h e re i s c l e a r e v id e n c e a s t o th e e x i s t e n c e o f S u g e i S n u c h iin . I t was e s t a b l i s h e d by S a i n t K u k ai^ i n th e c e n t r a l d i s t r i c t o f K yoto b e tw e e n th e t h i r d an d f i f t h y e a r o f a n e r a o f Tencho (826 A .D .) and was known a s th e o n ly p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g . 6 7 7 4 - 8 3 5 A.D . 20 T h is e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f K ukai w as due l a r g e l y t o C h in e se i n f l u e n c e . B e in g i n C h in a a s a s c h o l a r K ukai was im m en sely i n t e r e s t e d i n m ethods o f e d u c a ti o n and C h in e se f a c i l i t i e s a t th e B u d d h is t te m p le s i n th e r e s p e c t i v e p r o v i n c e s . I n C h in a , a s a p r o d u c t o f su c h s o c i a l p r a c t i c e , K ukai saw a l a r g e r g ro u p o f i n t e l l e c t u a l y o u th p o s s e s s i n g h i g h e r i d e a l s . Upon r e t u r n i n g fro m C h in a and p o s s e s s i n g c e r t a i n a im s , he e s t a b l i s h e d t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n i n o r d e r t o accom m odate th o s e c l a s s e s o f y o u th s who had no o p p o r t u n i t i e s o r f o r t u n e e n o u g h f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n , s i n c e i n t h o s e d a y s th e y o u th s o f h i g h e r s o c i a l s t a n d i n g o n ly c o u ld e n jo y su c h p r i v i l e g e s . The c u r r i c u lu m o f s t u d y i n t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n was d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s ; th e s t u d y o f B u d d h is t d o c t r i n e , an d C h in e s e c l a s s i c s b a s e d upon C o n fu c ia n is m . The num ber o f s t u d e n t s a s w e l l a s t e a c h e r s was d i v i d e d a c c o r d i n g l y ; b u t s t u d e n t s w ere u s u a l l y p e r m i t t e d to c a r r y e i t h e r s u b j e c t i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y . One o f t h e s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e s o f t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n was t h a t i t p r o v id e d e v e r y m eans o f l i v i n g i n o r d e r t o e n a b le s t u d e n t s t o d e v o te th e m s e lv e s to t h e i r s t u d i e s t o th e f u l l e s t e x t e n t . A lth o u g h t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n was m a i n t a i n e d s u c c e s s f u l l y fro m th e f i f t h y e a r (828 A .D .) o f,T e n c h o u n t i l th e se c o n d y e a r o f Showa (835 A .D *), th e d e a t h o f K ukai c a u s e d th e te rm i n a t i o n o f i t s e x i s t e n c e i n s p i t e o f i t s h i g h e r s c h o l a s t i c 7 r e p u t a t i o n . B e in g a p i o n e e r o f p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g and g i v i n g an e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t y f o r y o u th s r e g a r d l e s s *^Tohoki, V o l. V I, and T a k a h a s h i, o p . c i t . . p . 4 6 . 21 o f s o c i a l s t a t u s , i t had a b u rd e n o f g r e a t e r f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t y . B ut th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n by th e lo n e hand o f monks r e v e a l s t h e f a c t , a t l e a s t , o f th e m a rv e lo u s a c t i v i t i e s o f B u d d h is t monks- and th e s p l e n d i d a c h ie v e m e n t o f B uddhism . THE EARLY PUBLIC LIBRARY IN JAPAN A s t r a n g e phenom enon i n B u d d h is t h i s t o r y a t th e l a t e r p e r i o d o f N a ra was a n a s s i m i l a t i o n o f f a i t h e v e n o f t h e e a r n e s t f o l l o w e r s o f G o n fu c ia n ism * The C o n f u c i a n i s t s b e g an t o w o rs h ip B uddha. They b e l i e v e d t h e f i v e commandments o f Con f u c i a n is m w ere s i m i l a r to th e f i v e p r e c e p t s o f B uddhism and a f f i r m e d t h a t th e r e s u l t o f b o t h t e a c h i n g s w ould be t h e same# T a k u tsu g u I s h i k a m i , known a s t h e f a t h e r o f l e a r n i n g , i n t h e r e i g n o f N ara e s t a b l i s h e d a n A s h u k u ji, a te m p le , i n h i s o ld lo d g e and e n s h r i n e d t h e s t a t u e o f A shuku, a B uddha. A t th e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h e te m p le g r o u n d s , he e r e c t e d a l i b r a r y named K o n t e i - I n and i t was opened f o r th e b e n e f i t o f t h e p u b l i c a t l a r g e . K o n te i ICoji was h i s nom de p lu m e . As f a r a s o u r h i s t o r y r e c o r d i s c o n c e rn e d , t h i s was t h e f i r s t p u b l i c l i b r a r y i n J a p a n . D u rin g t h e e r a o f N ara and H e ia n , i t becam e v e r y p o p u l a r ; b u t i n th e d a y s o f K u k a i, t h e r e was no e v id e n c e o f i t s e x i s t e n c e . Thus t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f B u d d h is t monks w ere th e d o m in a n t f a c t o r s i n d e v e l o p in g a n e d u c a t i o n , and a s a n a i d f o r t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l a d v an cem en t o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c a t l a r g e # 22 CHAPTER I I I PERIOD OF «CHIGO*» EDUCATION IN THE TEMPLE ( c o n .) RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN IHE ERA OF KAMAKURA (1 1 8 6 -1 3 3 3 A .D .) AND MUROMACHI (1354^1368 A .D .) As we h av e s e e n . B uddhism i n t h e N a ra and H e ia n p e r i o d s p o s s e s s e d a d i s t i n c t i v e c o l o r o f o b j e c t i v e and e x p r e s s i o n a l - ism ; b u t i n th e e r a of Kam akura i t W cam e v e r y much m ore s p i r i t u a l . I n th e f o rm e r p e r i o d s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f te m p le s and t h e e r e c t i o n o f s t a t u e s o f Buddha w ere p r e v a i l i n g p r a c t i c e s , b u t com ing i n t o Kam akura t h o s e p r o j e c t s w ere t u r n e d t o s p i r i t u a l a t t a i n m e n t s , th e d e v o t i o n t o B uddhism ; The f a i t h o f B uddhism i n th e p r e v i o u s e r a was c o n s i d e r e d a s a m eans o f o b t a i n i n g s o c i a l p r i v i l e g e , o r s t r i c t l y , a s an i n d i v i d u a l i n t e r e s t : t h e r e b y , l e s s e m p h a s is had b e en p u t upon th e s p i r i t u a l p h a s e s , th e s a l v a t i o n o f s o u l . As a r e s u l t o f s u c h p r a c t i c e o f th e p r e v i o u s e r a , a b u r n in g d e s i r e f o r p u r s u in g f a i t h o f B uddhism b e g a n t o r i s e and th e f o l l o w i n g d i f f e r e n t s e c t s o f B uddhism w ere fo u n d e d by r e s p e c t i v e s a i n t s ; S e c ts F o u n d e rs Y e ar Je d o S t . Honen F i f t h y e a r o f Shoan {1175) Zen S t . E i s a i Second y e a r o f ,K e n n in (1202) S h in S t . S h in r a n F i r s t y e a r o f G ennin (1224) N i c h i r e n S t . N i c h i r e n F i f t h y e a r o f Kencho (12 52) 23 Thus f a r th e B uddhism w hich h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d was t h e one d i r e c t l y im p o rte d th r o u g h C hina and K o re a . Coming i n t o t h i s p e r i o d . B uddhism b e g a n to mold i n t o t h e J a p a n e s e mood i n a m arked d e g r e e an d becam e v e ry much J a p a n e s e - l i k e . The t e a c h i n g o f B uddhism a d v o c a te d by th e J a p a n e s e l o s t i t s a r i s t o c r a t i c e le m e n ts and becam e v e ry d e m o c r a t i c . M anners o f p r e s e n t a t i o n w ere s i m p l i f i e d , so t h a t e v e n common p e o p le w ere e n a b le d t o know t h e t e a c h i n g o f Buddha w ith o u t d i f f i c u l t y . I n s p i t e o f s u c h p o p u l a r i t y and o f th e g ro w in g f a i t h i n B uddhism , g e n e r a l s o c i e t y became p e s s i m i s t i c d u e t o e x i s t i n g s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s and p o l i t i c a l a b u s e s . The g l o r y o f y e s t e r d a y ^s b a t t l e was t u r n e d i n t o m o u rn fu l s o rro w a s was t h e c a s e o f H eik e and G e n j i . I n t h o s e d a y s w a rs b e tw e e n t h e s e pow er f u l w ar l o r d s w ere common; Due to t h e d e c i s i v e b a t t l e won by G e n j i, th e d o w n f a ll o f t h e g l o r i o u s e r a o f H e ik e was a n a t u r a l r e s u l t a n d , t o t h e p e o p le a s a w h o le , th e r e i g n o f p o w e rf u l H e ik e w as a m ere dream of y e s t e r d a y . A t t h i s moment o f r e a l i t y , t h e s e n tim e n t o f p e o p le became n a t u r a l l y p e s s i m i s t i c and c o n s e q u e n t l y th e b e l i e f o f p e o p le i n Buddhism a s a w hole becam e i n t e n s i v e l y s p i r i t u a l . DETELOÏMENT OF CHIGO EDUCATION I n s p i t e o f t h o s e f a c t s m ost o f t h e r i s e and d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e c o u r t i e r s o r B u sh i had been th r o u g h t h e c a r e e r o f « C h i g o o n th e o t h e r hand t h e num ber o f C higo fro m common c l a s s i n c r e a s e d tr e m e n d o u s ly . Due t o th e p o p u l a r i t y o f su c h C higo e d u c a t i o n a s u f f i c i e n t m eans o f e d u c a t i o n was p r o v id e d 24 and s y s t e m a t i c m eth o d s had b e e n a d o p te d . Though t h e r e e x i s t e d t h r e e c l a s s e s o f C h ig o , th e m eans o f e d u c a t i o n o f f e r e d e s p e c i a l l y to th e se c o n d and t h i r d g r o u p s and a t t h i s p e r i o d showed a m arked im p ro v e m e n t. The s o - c a l l e d r o l l - p i c t u r e s w ere com m o nly u s e d . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e an immense q u a n t i t y o f p i c t u r e s p e r t a i n i n g t o th e h i s t o r y , g e o g ra p h y a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e o f Bud d h ism w ere p ro d u c e d . The e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h m e th o d s o f e d u c a t i o n f i v e h u n d re d an d e i g h t y - t h r e e y e a r s ago i n B u d d h is t te m p le s r e v e a l s t h e s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e r e l i g i o u s h i s t o r y o f J a p a n . I n t h o s e d a y s te m p le s w ere g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d a s s c h o o ls and w ere commonly c a l l e d e le m e n t a r y o r v i l l a g e s c h o o l s . The c u r r i c u lu m o f s tu d y o f f e r e d a t t h i s p e r i o d was n e a r l y s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f th e p r e v i o u s e r a . R e a d in g s c r i p t u r e s and a t t e n d i n g c e r e m o n ia l s e r v i c e s w ere t h e m o st im p o r t a n t d a i l y t a s k s o f C h ig o . B e s id e s t h e s e th e s t u d y o f c h r o n i c l e s became v e r y p o p u la r and C h in e s e c l a s s i c s w ere a l s o s t u d i e d . The t e x t ( O ra i- h o n ) had a l s o been w r i t t e n e s p e c i a l l y f o r th e u s e o f A lth o u g h i n th e e r a o f H e ia n th e p l a y i n g o f m u s ic a l i n s tr u m e n ts had f l o u r i s h e d e x t e n s i v e l y among C higo c i r c l e s i t b e g a n to l a n g u i s h a t t h i s p e r i o d . On th e o t h e r h a n d , hand w r i t i n g to o k an i m p o r t a n t r o l e , and g e n e r a l l y s p e a k in g , m ost o f t h e te m p le s , e x c e p t th o s e h a v in g a h i g h e r p r i e s t , p u t s p e c i a l e m p h a sis on t h e s u b j e c t . The m a t e r i a l was t r e a t e d u s u a l l y i n l i t e r a t u r e a s w e l l a s i n d ra m a . T h is s y s te m was tr a n s f o r m e d an d a p p e a r e d l a t e r a s T e ra k o y a w hich I w i l l d i s c u s s l a t e r . 25 * T h e re a r e num erous m a n u s c r i p ts d e s c r i b i n g t h e C higo » s l i f e i n th e te m p le . A r e c o r d i n t h e M anyoshusho w r i t t e n by S e n k a k u - r i s s h i s t a t e s t h a t m a th e m a tic s h ad b e e n a l s o t a u g h t i n te m p le ; b u t a s t o th e d e t a i l s , we m ust r e l y upon th e r e c o rd o f Y o k ag am ish o . ^ N e a tn e s s , c o m p le x ity o f mood a s i l - 2 l u s t r a t e d by Monju B o s a ts u and a d i l i g e n t a t t i t u d e , o b e d i e n c e to h i s m a s te r and g e n e r o s i t y t o h i s c l a s s m a t e s w ere h i g h l y a d v o c a te d . I t was th e r u l e o f C higo to g e t up e a r l y i n th e m o rn in g and a t t e n d t o t h e i r d a i l y t a s k s a n d go to bed l a t e a t n i g h t w i t h a p p r e c i a t i o n o f th e g r a t i t u d e o f o t h e r p e r s o n s . W h ile a t a te m p le C higo w ere s t r i c t l y f o r b i d d e n to r e t u r n t o t h e i r home, and f o l lo w in g c o u n s e ls w ere g iv e n : The m e r i t o f s tu d y and s a l v a t i o n o f Buddha may e x i s t e v e n f o r a lo n g p e r io d o f y e a r s a f t e r p h y s i c a l o b l i t e r a t i o n ; b u t i f one v i o l a t e s an y r u l e among f i v e comm andm ents, th e warm s u p p o r t o f Buddha a s w e l l a s Monju B o d d h is a ttv a may c e a s e and w i l l a p p r o a c h a g r a v e c o n s e q u e n c e . I t h ad been s a i d t h a t h u n g e r may be an a i d i n c h a r a c t e r b u i l d i n g , w h e re a s a s u f f i c i e n t s u p p ly o f d r i n k a s w e l l a s f o o d s t u f f s h i n d e r s su c h a c h ie v e m e n t. P ro p e r p h y s i c a l e x e r c i s e s w ere n o t n e g l e c t e d : o u td o o r e x e r c i s e was e n c o u ra g e d i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t one fro m g e t t i n g s i c k n e s s . ^ S . T a k a h a s h i, A H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , p . 8 5 . ^One o f th e d i s c i p l e s o f th e B uddha. £6 The d a i l y s c h e d u l e s o f C higo w ere a s f o l l o w s : S c r i p t u r e r e a d i n g 6 a .m . t o 8 a .m ; Hand w r i t i n g 10 a .m . t o 12 a.m# Book r e a d i n g 12 a .m . t o 2 p#m; P la y h o u r 4 p ;m . t o 6 p.m# I n d i v i d u a l s tu d y p e r i o d 6 p ;m . t o 10 p>m; (D ev o ted to l i t e r a r y s tu d y and m u s ic a l i n s t r u m e n t s ) The i n t e n s i t y o f stu d y was v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g t o th e ag e o f C h ig o . B etw een t h e a g e s o f s e v e n a n d e i g h t , c h i l d r e n w ere c u s t o m a r i l y d i r e c t e d i n t h e i r s t u d y , and e m p h a s is was p u t on t h e s p i r i t u a l a s p e c t s o f C h ig o . B etw een e le v e n and t h i r t e e n y e a r s o f ag e m ore tim e was d e v o te d , r e g a r d l e s s o f day o r e v e n in g , f o r stu d y and e m p h a s is i s p l a c e d upon t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f t h e s e n s e o f j u s t i c e . I f t h e r e h ad b e e n bad b e h a v io r o r a c t s on th e p a r t o f C h ig o , t h e y w ere commonly a t f i r s t s e v e r e l y r e p r o v e d and c o u n s e l l e d and t h e n a d v is e d i n t h e r i g h t d i r e c t i o n . W e m u st rem em ber t h a t a t t h e a g e o f t h i r t e e n , t h o s e C higo a im in g to become monks c u s t o m a r i l y p e rfo rm e d a cerem ony and t h o s e who had no su c h i n t e n t i o n s w ere c u s t o m a r i l y r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r homes and t h e r e t h e y u s u a l l y p e rfo rm e d a cerem ony o f p u b e r t y to become a B u s h i. Even a f t e r t h e y had l e f t a te m p le th e C higo u s u a l l y m a i n t a i n e d a s a r u l e t h e s p i r i t u a l f a i t h o f t h e i r boyhood and d e v o te d th e m s e lv e s t o s t u d y w h en ev er t h e y h a d a l e i s u r e h o u r . I t was s a i d t h a t e v e n i n h u n t i n g th e l e i s u r e h o u r s w ere u s u a l l y d e v o te d to r e a d i n g b o o k s, p l a y i n g m u s ic a l i n s t r u m e n t s and l e a r n i n g to w r i t e . 27 INFLUENCE ON LITERATURE The l i t e r a t u r e i n th e e r a o f N ara and H e in a n c u s t o m a r i l y p o s s e s s e d a f u l l c o l o r o f Buddhism and m a t e r i a l s o u r c e s w ere t a k e n from th e g l o r i o u s l i f e among th e n o b i l i t y ; The m a s t e r - p io c o o f G e n ji M o n o g a ta ri w r i t t e n by M u ra sa k i S h ifcib u was a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e l i t e r a r y p r o d u c t o f t h i s e r a , w h ile i n t h e e r a o f K am akura, th e v e i n o f l i t e r a t u r e was b a s e d p r i m a r i l y upon B u d d h i s t i c f a i t h a s r e v e a l e d by t h e G enpei S e i s u i k i w r i t t e n by Hamuro T o k in a g a . B ro a d ly s p e a k in g , t h i s was t h e p e r i o d o f s p i r i t u a l r e b i r t h and m o ra l a c h ie v e m e n t. P i e t y was h i g h l y r e s p e c t e d among s o c i a l c i r c l e s a s w e l l a s by t h e i n d i v i d u a l f a m i ly and h ad a tre m e n d o u s i n f l u e n c e u p o n t h e e d u c a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n . GENERAL EDUCATION W ith o u t q u e s t i o n we can s t a t e t h a t th e s o - c a l l e d c u l t u r e s i n t h o s e d a y s u s u a l l y sp ru n g fro m th e v e in o f B uddhism . N oted s c h o l a r s o f C o n fu c ia n is m had a b u r n in g f a i t h i n Buddhism and lo v e d t o r e a d th e s c r i p t u r e s o f B uddha. B u t, due t o th e c o n tin u o u s w a r f a r e and p o l i t i c a l a b u s e s , g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n was v e r y much h i n d e r e d . Among common i n s t i t u t i o n s th e A s h i- k a g a s c h o o l a t Shim ozuke and K anazaw a Bunko a t M u sash in o a r e w o r th m e n tio n in g . . D u rin g t h e e r a o f Kam akura c o u r t i e r s a s w e l l a s S am urai u s u a l l y p o s s e s s e d p r i v a t e l y e r e c t e d s t u d y h a l l s o r Bunko, l i b r a r i e s o f v a r i e t y o f s i z e and e q u ip m e n t, th e y w ere u s e d so m e tim es a s g u e s t ro o m s. 28 Though t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t o p i n io n s a s t o th e o r i g i n o f A s h ik a g a s c h o o l, th e m a j o r i t y o f p r e s e n t h i s t o r i a n s b e l i e v e t h a t A sh ik a g a Y o s h ik a n e was th e f o u n d e r o f t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n . W h ile a t K y o to , a t th e tim e h i s f a t h e r was e n g a g e d a t th e h o u s e h o ld o f th e E m p e ro r, Y o sh ik a n e had a m a rv e lo u s o p p o r tu n i t y to make num erous c o l l e c t i o n s o f b o o k s i n th e c e n t e r o f c u l t u r e o f t h e a g e . A f t e r t h e d e c e a s e o f Y o sh ik a n e t h e B unko, w hich was co n s e r v e d w ith th e name o f « B a n n a ,« was l a r g e l y m a i n t a i n e d and s u p p o r te d by B u d d h is t c i r c l e s and a t a l a t e r d a t e i t was opened to th e p u b l i c a t l a r g e . I t was f i r s t e r e c t e d on a s i t e a p p r o x im a te ly t h i r t y y a r d s away fro m th e o r i g i n a l te m p le g ro u n d ; i t was r e c o n s t r u c t e d by U y e su g i N o riz a n e and fro m t h i s tim e on i t becam e g r a d u a l l y p o p u l a r . The c u r r i c u lu m o f t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n c o m p ris e d C hi n e s e c l a s s i c s , t h e s tu d y o f B uddhism and hand w r i t i n g . On th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e Kanazaw a Bunko was e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e same p e r i o d w i t h th e p r e v i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n by Kanazaw a S a n e to k i ( t h e f a m i l y o f H o jo ) . S in c e t h e o r i g i n a l Bunko a t • Kam akura was u n f o r t u n a t e l y d e s t r o y e d by f i r e , S a n e to k i l e f t Kam akura and w en t to Kanazaw a w here he e s t a b l i s h e d th e i n s t i t u t i o n named «Kanazama B unko” i n h i s p r i v a t e e s t a t e . He c o l l e c t e d many b o o k s and a c c o m p lis h e d a n o t a b l e a c h ie v e m e n t. A t a l a t e r p e r i o d t h e Bunko was r e o r g a n i z e d and becam e a te m p le c a l l e d S h o m y o -ji. The c o l l e c t i o n s o f b o o k s w ere k e p t w i t h s p e c i a l c a r e and w ere n o t o p e n e d to t h e p u b l i c . T h is i n s t i t u t i o n won i t s fame a f t e r t h e l a r g e p a r t o f i t s 29 o o i l e c t i o n s had b e en t r a n s f e r r e d to t h e Edo C a s t l e , w here t h e y w ere c o n s i d e r e d a s th e s o u r c e o f m a t e r i a l s w hich had c o n t r i b u t e d im m ensely to th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f J a p a n e s e l i t e r a t u r e * INFLUENCES OF CHIGO IN MAKING A STATUE OF BUDDHA The r i s e o f p o p u l a r e d u c a t i o n o f C higo had g r e a t i n f l u e n c e i n m aking a s t a t u e o f Buddha fro m Kam akura up t o M uromachi* The s t a t u e s o f P r i n c e S h o to k u , S t . Kobo, and M onju B o s a ts u w ere th e m o st p o p u la r and t h u s C higo f i n a l l y becam e th e sym bol o f a p e r s o n a l i d e a l i s m and was r e g a r d e d a s a h o ly e x i s t e n c e . 30 CHAPTER IV THE PERIOD OF «TERAKOYA” EDUCATION THE SITUATION OF BUDDHISM IN THE ERA OF EDO The s o - c a l l e d «E ra o f Edo« c o v e r s a p p r o x im a te ly th e perr- io d o f t h r e e h u n d re d y e a r s fro m t h e r e i g n o f Oda N ohunaga (1574 A .D . ) t o th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a new e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m a t t h e b e g in n in g o f M e i ji E ra (1872 A.D. ) . The e a r l y p a r t o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r e r a , t h a t i s to s a y , up u n t i l t h e r e i g n o f Tokugawa l y e y a s u , was known a s t h e C iv i l War p e r i o d , d u r i n g w hich w a r - l o r d s s u c h a s Oda, T oyotom i an d T okugaw a, c a r r i e d on w ars to a t t a i n p o l i t i c a l su p re m a c y . C o n s e q u e n tly , B uddhism a l s o r e f l e c t e d t h i s c h a o t i c con d i t i o n . I n t h i s p e r i o d , N obunaga c o n d u c te d h i s fam ous cam p a ig n a g a i n s t H iy e iz a n , t h e A c r o p o lis o f t h e T e n d a i s e c t , d e s t r o y e d a l a r g e num ber o f b u i l d i n g s , m a s s a c re d m ore t h a n one th o u s a n d and s i x h u n d re d p e r s o n s , and a t th e same tim e a l s o d e s t r o y e d immense num bers o f s u t r a s and im ages o f B uddha, t r e a s u r e s and s a c r e d w r i t i n g s . T hus th e c e n t e r o f l e a r n i n g s o f th e T e n d a i s e c t w ere e x t e r m i n a t e d . I n t h e r e i g n o f T o y o to m i, a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n p ro g ram had b e e n c a r r i e d o u t b u t r e p r o d u c t i o n n e v e r c o u ld e q u a l th e o r i g i n a l i n e l e g a n c e . B e s id e s t h i s , o u t s t a n d i n g i n s t i t u t e s o f r e l i g i o u s t r a i n i n g , s u c h a s H o n g w an ji, T o d a i j i , K oy asan an d K o f u k u ji, e t c . , w ere e i t h e r g r e a t l y w eakened i n t h e i r pow er o r c o m p le te ly 31 1 e x t i n g u i s h e d . The e x t i n c t i o n and w e ak e n in g o f t h o s e c e n t e r s c a n be a t t r i b u t e d d i r e c t l y to th e l i c e n t i o u s d e e d s o f t h e t y r a n t , N obunaga; b u t f u n d a m e n ta l ly , t h e s e can be a c c r e d i t e d to th e d e g ra d e d s o c i a l , a s w e ll a s m o ra l c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g i n th e c i r c l e o f B u d d h is t l e a d e r s who w ish e d t o e a r n p e r s o n a l a m b i t io n s by a c q u i r i n g m i l i t a r y o r p o l i t i c a l pow er o r i n d u lg i n g i n an e x t r a v a g a n t l i f e , f o r g e t t i n g a l t o g e t h e r th e s e r i o u s and a r d e n t l i v i n g w h ich w as e x p e c te d o f r e l i g i o u s m en. T h e r e f o r e , i n s p i t e o f m e e tin g num erous o b s t r u c t i o n s , C h r i s t i a n i t y , l e d by X a v ie r i n t h e y e a r o f e i g h t e e n t h o f Tenmon (1549 A .D .) s p r e a d e x t e n s i v e l y th r o u g h o u t th e i s l a n d e m p ir e . L e t u s g e t a g lim p s e o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f G h i* is tia n - i t y . Two h u n d re d and f i f t y c h u rc h e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d and t h r e e h u n d re d th o u s a n d s o u l s w ere c o n v e r t e d by t h r e e h u n d re d m i s s i o n a r i e s w i t h i n f o r t y y e a r s b e f o r e th e i n t e r d i c t o r y o r d i n a n c e i s s u e d by H id e y o s h i. The ab o v e f a c t s i n d i c a t e t h e r e a s o n s why C h r i s t i a n i t y was a b l e t o w in th e h e a r t s o f men when th e m a j o r i t y o f them l o s t t h e i r f a i t h i n B uddhism , a n d a t th e same tim e i t i n d i c a t e s t h e r i s e o f a s e n t i m e n t a l d e s i r e among p e o p le t o a d o p t t h o s e o f f o r e i g n c u l t u r e s . The m ovement o f o v e r - s e a e x p l o r a t i o n and c o l o n i z a t i o n was v i g o r o u s l y a d v o c a te d . ^ Y a su sa d a H ly a n e , A H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o n i n J a p a n , p p . 7 4 1 -7 4 3 . 32 F u r th e r m o r e , I t became a common te n d e n c y among d i f f e r e n t c l a n s to a d o p t t h i s new r e l i g i o n i n o r d e r to o b t a i n a s u p p ly o f m u n itio n s a s w e ll a s e s s e n t i a l m a t e r i a l s f o r w a r f a r e . INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY I n t h e p r e f e c t u r e o f K agoshim a t h e r e was a handsom e y o u th c a l l e d E a n j i r o o r H a n s h iro ( i n o t h e r s o u r c e s he was known a s R y o sa i o r a s A n j i r o among f o r e i g n e r s ) . B e in g c o n v i c t e d - a s a m u r d e r e r i n h i s n a t i v e S atsum a and u n a b le to make a l i v i n g , he f l e d to M orocco w here he m e t F a t h e r X a v i e r . D u rin g h i s s t a y a t M orocco he h e a r d f o r th e f i r s t tim e t h e t e a c h i n g o f C h r i s t , f o r w hich he d e v e lo p e d a tre m e n d o u s a d m i r a t i o n , and f i n a l l y he was c o n v e r t e d to C h r i s t i a n i t y * N ot o n ly X a v i e r was e n c o u ra g e d i n h i s p l a n o f e v a n g e l i z in g J a p a n b e c a u s e o f t h e f a v o r a b l e r e p o r t s and i n f o r m a ti o n o f t h a t c o u n tr y an d i t s p e o p le a s g iv e n by P o r tu g e s e t r a d e r s , b u t he was t h e m ore d e te r m in e d to p u r s u e h i s v i s i o n , s e e i n g E a n j i r o » s q u ic k c o n v e r s io n to C h r i s t i a n f a i t h and h i s e a r n e s t d e s i r e f o r s p i r i t u a l t h i n g s . A ccom panied by Cosmo de T o r r e s , J u a n F e r n a n d e s a n d Han- j i r o a s g u i d e s , he d e p a r t e d fro m Goa i n t h e m onth o f May i n 1549 and a r r i v e d a t K agoshim a on J u l y t h i r d o f th e same y e a r . S him azn Y o s h i h i s a , l o r d o f K ago sh im a, p e r m i t t e d th em t o p r e a c h th e g o s p e l o f C h r i s t i n h i s p r o v in c e an d w i t h i n f o u r m o n th s fro m t h e i r a r r i v a l , a p p r o x im a te ly one h u n d re d p e r s o n s h ad b een c o n v e r t e d t o C h r i s t i a n i t y * N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e y w ere 33 u n a b le t o e x e c u te t h e i r f i r s t p l a n , due to a p r e j u d i c e w hich had b een shown i n B u d d h is t c i r c l e s an d e s p e c i a l l y b e c a u s e o f Y o s h i h i s a *8 d r a s t i c a c t i o n a g a i n s t C h r i s t i a n i t y upon h e a r i n g o f a t r a n s f e r o f m u n itio n s w hich had t a k e n p l a c e b e tw ee n P o r tu g e s e t r a d e r s and h i s n e ig h b o rh o o d c l a n . A f t e r b e in g i n K agoshim a o n ly one y e a r , t h e p a r t y o f X a v ie r w ent t o H i r a t o , t h e t r a d e c e n t e r o f th e P o r tu g e s e and th e i s l a n d e m p ir e . At H i r a t o th e y w ere c o r d i a l l y r e c e i v e d b o th by o f f i c i a l s and c i v i l i a n s . W ith in tw e n ty d a y s , i t was s a i d , a p p r o x im a te ly one h u n d re d p e rs o n s w ere c o n v e r t e d t o C h r i s t i a n i t y i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n . Now K yoto b e in g th e c a p i t a l of th e c o u n t r y , X a v ie r th o u g h t t h a t h i s work s h o u ld b e g in i n t h a t c i t y , i f he w is h e s t o p ro m u lg a te C h r i s t i a n i t y th r o u g h o u t th e w hole c o u n t r y . Xav i e r a cc o m p a n ie d by F e rn a n d e s an d two n a t i v e s w ent t o K y o to , l e a v i n g T o r r e s a t H i r a t o . On t h e i r way t o K y o to , t h e p a r t y s t a y e d a b o u t a m onth a t Y am aguchi and a r r i v e d a t K yoto i n J a n u a r y i n th e y e a r o f t h e t w e n t i e t h o f Tenmon (1551 A .D .) . C o n tr a r y t o t h e i r d rea m , t h e c a p i t a l o f th e e m p ire was r e d u c e d t o a r u i n a s t h e w a r f a r e c a u s e d by t h e s t r u g g l e be tw e e n th e c la n s o f M iy o sh i and H osokaw a, and th e h e a r t s o f p e o p le w ere t o o d i s t u r b e d t o l i s t e n t o th e v o ic e o f a r e l i g i o u s t e a c h e r . B ein g t h e r e o n ly f o u r t e e n d a y s an d f a i l i n g t o a p p e a r b e f o r e t h e E m p ero r, th e p a r t y l e f t K yoto and w ent t o Y am aguchi w here a v ig o r o u s cam p aig n was c a r r i e d o u t . T hrough c o n s c i e n t i o u s p r e a c h i n g t h r e e th o u s a n d p e r s o n s w ere c o n v e r te d w i t h i n a few m o n th s . L a t e r X a v ie r c a l l e d T o r r e s 34 fro m H i r a t o and t r a n s f e r r e d h i s p o s t t o F e rn a n d e s and T o r r e s . Then X a v ie r w ent t o Bungo and he w as r e c e i v e d w ith a g r e a t e r a d m i r a t i o n t h a n u s u a l , and he e n g a g e d i n h i s m is s i o n work w ith a g r e a t e r z e a l . M eanw hile h e h ad b e en c a l l e d c o n s t a n t l y by th e b o a rd o f M is s io n o f J e s u i t s i n I n d i a and h a v in g f u l f i l l e d h i s f i r s t m is s i o n t o J a p a n , X a v ie r l e f t Bungo a b o a rd a P o r t u g e s e v e s s e l on O c to b e r s i x t e e n t h i n t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t y e a r o f Tenmon (1552 A .D .) . CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN AFTER THE FIRST MISSION OF XAVIER A f t e r X a v ie r l e f t J a p a n h i s m is s i o n was c a r r i e d on s u c c e s s f u l l y by b o th T o r r e s an d F e r n a n d e s , m ak ing Y am aguchi a c e n t e r f o r t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . I n th e y e a r 1552 F a t h e r B a l t h a z a r C ago, a cc o m p a n ie d by Edward S i l v a and P i e r r e A lc a c e v a , came t o K agoshim a. I n 1556 a p a r t y o f B ish o p M e lc h io r N ugn ez, a c c o m p a n ie d by G asp er V i l e l a and s e v e r a l o t h e r p r i e s t s u n d e r th e g u id a n c e o f Mendez P i n t o , came to J a p a n . I n 1563 a p a r t y com posed o f L o u is F r e e z , B a p t i s t s M onts and J o c q n s G o n z a le s , a l s o a r r i v e d . I n 1564 a p a r t y made up by J e a n C a b r a l , M e lc h io r de F ig u e r e d o and B a l t h a z a l de A c o s ta a l s o a r r i v e d ; Thus t h e g r a n d cam p aig n o f C h r i s t i a n f a i t h was c a r r i e d th r o u g h o u t t h e o c o u n t r y . D u rin g a p e r i o d o f f o r t y y e a r s s i n c e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y by X a v i e r u n t i l s u p p r e s s e d by H id e y o s h i i n 1 5 0 7 , % . Yamamoto, A H i s t o r y o f C h r i s t i a n i t y i n J a p a n . V o l. I , p . 2 0 5 . 35 C h r l s t l a n i t y had shown a n enorm ous e x p a n s io n * I n o r d e r to a t t a i n f u r t h e r e x p a n s io n s e m i n a r i e s , n o v i t i a t e s and c o l l e g e s were e s t a b l i s h e d . I n c o l l e g e s th e i n s t r u c t i o n i n th e J a p a n e s e la n g u a g e was t a u g h t f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h o s e n ew ly a r r i v e d m i s s i o n a r i e s , w h e re a s r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n i n C h r i s t i a n i t y was g iv e n to th e c h i l d r e n o f J a p a n e s e i n s e m i n a r i e s , an d i n n o v i t i a t e s su c h n e c e s s a r y i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r m is s i o n a r y s e r v i c e was g i v e n . I n 1579 s e m i n a r i e s and c o l l e g e s had b een e s t a b l i s h e d a t A rim a i n H iz e n , and i n 1580 a n o v i t i a t e was o p en ed a t K i t s u k i i n Bugo and i n th e same p r o v i n c e a c o l l e g e had a l s o b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d l a t e r . I n 1581 a s e m in a ry w as e s t a b l i s h e d by N obunaga a t A z u ch i o f Oomi and a c c o r d i n g to a r e p o r t i t e n r o l l e d t w e n t y - f i v e p e r so n s i n th e o p e n in g y e a r . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n was b a n is h e d , t o g e t h e r w ith o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s , by th e w ar o f Ake- c h i w hich w as f o u g h t i n 1 5 8 2 . I n 1587 a l l o f th e C h r i s t i a n i n s t i t u t i o n s i n K y o to , such a s t h e s e m in a r ie s an d t h e c h u r c h e s , w ere d e s t r o y e d f o l l o w i n g an i n t e r d i c t o r y a c t w hich h ad b e e n i s s u e d by H id e y o s h i. N e v e r t h e l e s s , s e v e r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d a t th e i s l a n d s o f Amakusa and a l s o i n th e p e n i n s u l a o f S h im a b a ra , a s w e l l a s i n N a g a sa k i i n 1600 a t th e tim e o f t h e r e i g n o f Tokugawa l y e m i ts u (1 6 2 3 - 1 6 5 1 ). Such e s t a b l i s h m e n t s v a n is h e d b e f o r e t h e o r d in a n c e o f n a t i o n a l i s o l a t i o n i s s u e d by th e Tokugawa g o v e rn m e n t.^ ^ S h u n jo T a k a h a s h i, H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , p . 1 0 5 . 36 A f t e r th e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y and d u r i n g th e p e r i o d o f f o r t y y e a r s o f i t s a c t i v e s e r v i c e , C h r i s t i a n i t y l a i d a s t r o n g h o l d i n th e s o i l o f J a p a n and g a v e a g r e a t s t i m u l u s w hich s u r p r i s i n g l y a f f e c t e d th e B u d d h is t c i r c l e a t l a r g e . B u t, due to th e i n t e r d i c t o r y a c t o f C h r i s t i a n i t y i n i t s e a r l y a tt e m p t was c o m p l e t e ly su b d u ed w ith o u t h a v in g much i n f l u e n c e upon t h e r e l i g i o u s , e d u c a t i o n and s e r v i c e o f B uddhism . SITUATION OF BUDDHISM SINCE THE INTERDICTORY ACT OF CHRISTIANITY A f t e r th e i n t e r d i c t o r y a c t s i s s u e d by H id e y o s h i and Toku gawa r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e em bargo a c t a l s o was f o r m u la te d i n th e s i x t e e n t h y e a r o f K an y ei (1639 A .D .) and was s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d U nder t h i s a c t i n t e r c o u r s e w ith f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , e x c e p t th e D u tc h , h ad b e en f o r b id d e n * On t h e o t h e r h a n d , th e p a r t i c u l a r o r d in a n c e w as i s s u e d by Tokugawa g o v e rn m e n t p r o v i d in g t h a t e v e r y p e r s o n m u st be a member o f some te m p le , a n d , f u r t h e r m o re , t h e pow er to m a n ip u la te t h e c e n s u s r e g i s t r a t i o n was g r a n t e d i n th e h a n d s o f B u d d h is t p r i e s t s - a t - l a r g e . C o n se - q u n e t l y , B uddhism grew by l e a p s and bounds an d a g l o r i o u s e r a i n th e h i s t o r y o f J a p a n e s e B uddhism was p ro d u c e d . On t h e c o n t r a r y , a s i t had b e en s i n c e t h e e r a o f M urom achi, t h e r e l i g i o u s f a i t h o f p e o p le g r a d u a l l y fa d e d and r e l i g i o u s f o r m a l i t y was h i g h l y r e g a r d e d . H en ce, m o ral c o r r u p t i o n i n th e c i r c l e o f monks was e x tr e m e ly n o t i c e a b l e , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e B uddhism h ad become a n a t i o n a l r e l i g i o n . Thus a t l a s t B uddhism l o s t 37 i t s s p i r i t u a l a c t i v i t y and became a m eagre e x i s t e n c e b e a r i n g th e name o f r e l i g i o n . S in c e t h e r e w ere no r e l i g i o n s i n th o s e d a y s s t r o n g enough t o w i t h s t a n d B uddhism a n d e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r B uddhism had b e en made a n a t i o n a l r e l i g i o n , monks u s u a l l y n e g l e c t e d t h e i r m is s i o n s and becam e v e r y i n d o l e n t , an d f i n a l l y th e y w ere r e g a r d ed a s m ere m e c h a n ic s t o m a n ip u la te a m ass o f p e o p le . At th e end o f t h i s p e r i o d , t h e s tu d y o f t h e o l o g y among d i f f e r e n t s e c t s su c h a s N i c h i r e n , T e n d a i, S in g o n , S h in , Jo d o and Zen b e g a n t o r i s e and n e c e s s a r y i n s t i t u t i o n s t o c a r r y o u t s u c h w orks w ere e s t a b l i s h e d . Among t h e s e , t h e S h in s e c t a t t a i n e d a re m a rk a b le a c h i e v e m e n t. T h is s e c t e s t a b l i s h e d a c o l l e g e i n t h e s i x t e e n t h y e a r o f Kw anyei (1659 A .D . ) when a num ber o f d i s t i n g u i s h e d s c h o l a r s o f t h e ag e w ere p r o d u c e d . B ein g a p o w e rf u l s e c t i n t h e e r a o f E do, t h e Jo d o s e c t a l s o p o s s e s s e d a n o u t s t a n d i n g i n s t i t u t i o n and a s y s t e m a t i c o r g a n i z a t i o n * C o n tr a r y to G higo e d u c a t i o n i n th e e a r l y d ay s o f th e e r a o f H e ia n , t h e e d u c a t i o n o f th e e r a o f Edo to o k th e form o f « T e r a k o y a ,” and t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n was e s t a b l i s h e d i n p r i v a t e homes and became g r e a t l y s e c u l a r i z e d a t t h a t t i m e , th o u g h T e ra k o y a s t i l l m a i n t a i n e d t h a t same r e l i g i o u s a tm o s p h e re a s shown i n th e te m p le s t h e m s e lv e s . AN ORIGIN OF «TERAKOYA» As we d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n a p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r , t h e e d u c a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n h ad b een c o n d u c te d l a r g e l y i n B u d d h is t 38 te m p l e s . H ence th e " t e r a ” ( t e m p le ) , n a t u r a l l y s i g n i f i e s a te rm o f a n i n s t i t u t e c a l l e d a « T e r a k o y a .” The te rm o f « T e ra ” a p p e a r s i n e a r l y m a n u s c r i p t s . The f o l lo w in g q u o t a t i o n h a s b e en ta k e n fro m Koyo T aizen * «B eing i n * te ra * when he was t h i r t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , Nobunaga n e g l e c t e d h i s s t u d y . . . As we h a v e s e e n , « T e n a r a i , « l e a r n i n g t o w r i t e w e l l , b e in g th e m ain f e a t u r e o f s t u d y i n te m p le , i t f l o u r i s h e d t r e m e n d o u sly ; t h e r e b y , i n s h o r t th e te r m " T e r a ” , te m p le , re m in d ed th e g e n e r a l p u b l i c o f a p la c e to s t u d y o r t o l e a r n t o w r i t e w e l l , a n d t h i s c o n c e p t i o n w as m a i n t a i n e d e v e n i n l a t e r p e r i o d s , so much so t h a t i n a song sung by c h i l d r e n a t h a n d - b a l l p l a y in g i n t h o s e d ay s had t h a t i d e a o f ”t e r a . « T h ere i s a l s o a n i n t e r e s t i n g q u o t a t i o n i n « K o tto Z a tS u d a n ” w r i t t e n by A r a i H a k u se k i s i n c e t h e y e a r o f Kyoho (1 7 1 6 - 1725 A .D .i i n w hich th e m a s t e r ’ s home was c a l l e d « T e r a k o y a ,« and h i s p u p i l « T e ra k o . « I n t h o s e d a y s th e term ”T e ra « and « T e ra k o ” w ere a p p l i e d to th o s e i n s t i t u t i o n s o u t s i d e o f te m p le s i n s i m i l a r t e r m s . Though t h e r e h a s b e en a d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a s to th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n p o p u l a r e d u c a t i o n i n te m p le s and T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n , r e c e n t w r i t e r s u s u a l l y t r e a t them i n a s i m i l a r m anner a s h a s been i l l u s t r a t e d by N akashim a E a n j i r o i n h i s H i s t o r y o f O r i e n t a l E d u c a tio n and a l s o i n H i s t o r y o f E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n w r i t t e n by T a k a h a s h i S h u n jo . On th e o t h e r h a n d . D r. Y o s h id a K u m aji, a u t h o r o f th e ^ I . O to ta k e , H i s t o r y o f Common E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n . V o l. I I , p . 2 8 0 . 39 O u t l in e o f th e H i s t o r y o f E d u a a tio n i n J a p a n , and D r. H ir a iz u m i Siami, a u t h o r o f t h e S p i r i t u a l L i f e i n th e M e d ia e v a l Age h e l d d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n s i n s p i t e o f th e f a c t t h a t t h e y a ck n o w led g e th e p ro fo u n d r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e s e two c o n c e p t s , t h e pop u l a r e d u c a t i o n i n te m p le and T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n . H ow ever, we m u st rem em ber t h a t t h e r e i s h i s t o r i c a l e v id e n c e o f « T e n a r a i , ” l e a r n i n g t o w r i t e , w hich i s s t r o n g e n o u g h t o c o n fir m th e f o r m er s t a te m e n t e n d o rs e d by T a k a h a s h i S h u n jo who d i s c u s s e d i t i n d e t a i l i n h i s T e n a r a i i n t h e H i s t o r y o f J a p a n e s e E d u c a t i o n . ^ S in c e B u d d h is t te m p le s w ere th e o n ly p l a c e s o f l e a r n i n g f o r t h e c h i l d r e n o f common p e o p le a f t e r N a ra and H e ia n , t h e te rm « te m p le » g r a d u a l l y was i d e n t i f i e d w i t h " T e n a r a i ” o r p l a c e t o s t u d y . F u r th e r m o r e , th e e n t r a n c e to T ero k o y a s t u d y was a l s o c a l l e d by th e te r m o f " T e r a i r i , ” th o u g h su c h T e ra k o y a was a s e c u l a r i n s t i t u t i o n . C o n s e q u e n tly , su c h i n s t i t u t e s w ere c a l l e d ” T e r a y a , ” o r " T e ra k o y a * ” H ow ever, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r name o r t h e i n s t r u c t i o n g iv e n a t te m p le s o r a t s e c u l a r i n s t i t u t e s , th e c u r r i c u l a o f s tu d y w ere s i m i l a r and m ain e m p h a sis was p la c e d upon " T e n a r a i , ” l e a r n i n g t o w r i t e . T h is f a c t a t l e a s t , we b e l i e v e , r e v e a l s th e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f B uddhism t o t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r e s s o f t h e common p e o p le i n Jap an * ^The S tu d y o f P h i l o s o p h y . No. 146 40 THE GENERAL SURVEY OF THE RISING AND CLOSING OF THE TERAKOYA INSTITUTE I n o r d e r t o s e c u r e a th o r o u g h know ledge o f t h e d e v e lo p m ent o f T e ra k o y a I n s t i t u t e s we m ust f i r s t go b a ck t o th e e a r l y p e r i o d and s t u d y th e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n o f t h a t a g e . T h e re a r e s e v e r a l r e l i a b l e s o u r c e s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h i s p a r t i c u l a r i n s t i t u t e w hich had been t h e r e s u l t o f c o n s c i e n t i o u s s tu d y a c c o m p lis h e d by a n o t e d s c h o l a r i n t h i s f i e l d : A H is t o r i c a l D a ta o f E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n i n w h ich i m p o r ta n t c h a r t s o f T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n had b e e n c o m p ile d . The m ost r e c e n t p r o d u c t i s a book c a l l e d H i s t o r y o f Common E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , by Iw azo O to ta k e , and Ken Is h ik a w a h a s a l s o w r i t t e n on th e same t o p i c . The H i s t o r i c a l D a ta o f E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , com p i l e d by t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f E d u c a tio n i s t h e p r o d u c t o f a l a b o r i o u s s t u d y w h ich to o k fro m t h e s i x t e e n t h y e a r o f M e i j i (1883) up t o th e t w e n t y - f i r s t y e a r o f th e same e r a . The ma t e r i a l s o u r c e s w ere d e r i v e d fro m t h e e x e c u t i v e s o f a l l p r e f e c t u r e s e x c e p t S a ita m a , I w a te , I b a r a g i , Kagawa, Ih im e an d O kinaw a. Though th e y w e re o f f i c i a l r e p o r t s , m o st o f t h e s e w ere p o o r l y c o m p ile d , and l a c k e d i n d e t a i l e d in f o r m a tio n * But we m u st rem em ber t h a t su ch a b s e n c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n d o e s n o t i n d i c a t e th e l a c k o f f a c i l i t i e s i n th e T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e . S in c e t h i s w as th e o n ly s u r v e y th o u g h i t was n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y c a r r i e d o u t , t h i s was th e o n ly s tu d y t h a t we c a n r e l y upon w hich c o n s t i t u t e d th e s u b s t a n t i a l m a t e r i a l p e r t a i n i n g t o g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n d u r i n g th e p e r i o d o f s e v e r a l h u n d re d y e a r s . 41 A c c o rd in g to th e r e p o r t s c o m p ile d by t h e o f f i c i a l s o f d i f f e r e n t p r e f e c t u r e s t h e r e w ere 1 5 ,5 4 6 T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s and among t h e s e 1 1 ,7 2 8 r e v e a l t h e o r i g i n o f t h e i r e s t a b l i s h m e n ts . The T e ra k o y a w hich had b e en e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e y e a r o f Bunmei (1469 A .D .) was known a s th e o l d e s t i n s t i t u t e . I n o r d e r to g e t a c l e a r p i c t u r e o f t h e f o u r h u n d re d y e a r s , l e t u s g la n c e a t t h e f o l lo w in g c h a r t . ^ TABLE NO. 1 P e r i o d Y e a r o f P e r i o d Number P e r c e n ta g e F i r s t Bunm ei— G enki (1 4 6 9 -1 5 7 2 ) 6 0 .0 5 S econd T ensho— Genwa (1 5 7 3 -1 6 2 3 ) 12 0 .1 0 T h ir d Kwane i — Yenpo ( 1 6 2 4 -1 6 8 0 j 34 0 .2 9 F o u r t h Tenwa— S h o to k u (1 6 8 1 -1 7 1 5 ) 36 0 .3 1 F i f t h Kyoho— Tenm ei (1 7 1 6 -1 7 8 8 ) 240 2 .0 5 S i x t h K w ansei'—T e n p o (1 7 8 9 -1 8 4 3 ) 2 ,8 9 1 2 4 .6 6 S e v e n th Kooka—Me i j i (1 8 4 4 -1 8 8 3 ) 8 ,5 1 0 72*38 T o t a l Bunmei— M e i ji (1 4 6 9 -1 8 8 3 1 1 ,7 2 8 1 0 0 .0 0 As th e c h a r t above i n d i c a t e s , a few i n s t i t u t e s h ad b e en e s t a b l i s h e d d u r i n g th e f i r s t p e r i o d w h ic h c o v e r s one h u n d re d y e a r s , a n d s i x i n s t i t u t e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d b e f o r e 1 5 7 2 , ^O to tak e, o p . c i t . . p . 6 4 0 . 42 though, t h e y w ere o n ly 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l * U nder t h e s e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , th e f i r s t p e r io d c o v e r s one h u n d re d y e a r s s i n c e th e num bers o f i n s t i t u t e s w ere s o few and th e r e s t w ere d i v i d e d on th e b a s i s o f f i f t y y e a r s a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n th e t a b l e . D u rin g t h e se c o n d p e r i o d o n ly tw e lv e i n s t i t u t e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d due to c o n tin u o u s w a r f a r e . The t h i r d p e r i o d u n d e r th e d i v i s i o n show s a n enorm ous e x p a n s io n . T h i r t y - f o u r i n s t i t u t e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d , w hich i s 0 .2 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number* T h is i s l a r g e l y due t o th e e r a o f good f e e l i n g to w a rd Tokugawa g o v e rn m e n t s i n c e th e p e r i o d o f Genwa Yenbu w h ich s i g n i f i e s t h e end o f c i v i l w a r. D u rin g th e f o u r t h p e r i o d t h e r e h a d e x i s t e d a n e m p h a tic n a t i o n a l s e n t im e n t ; t h e r e f o r e , b o o k s i n t h i s p e r i o d w ere w r i t t e n r e l a t i n g t o t h e r a t i o n a l i s t i c s e n t i m e n t . S in c e c l a s s d i s t i n c t i o n s s t i l l e x i s t e d , e d u c a t i o n was c o n f in e d t o th e s o - c a l l e d u p p e r c l a s s e s o f p e o p le Two h u n d re d f o r t y i n s t i t u t e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d d u r in g th e f i f t h p e r i o d , w h ich i s 2*05 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . I n t h e s i x t h p e r i o d re m a rk a b le e x p a n s io n to o k p l a c e . Two th o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d re d n i n e t y - o n e i n s t i t u t e s (2 4 .6 6 p e r c e n t ) were e s t a b l i s h e d , w h ich i s t e n tim e s t h a t o f t h e p r e c e d in g p e r i o d and t h i s i s l a r g e l y due t o th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n . I n s p i t e o f c h a o t i c c o n d i t i o n s due to th e d e c l i n i n g pow e r o f t h e Tokugawa g o v e rn m e n t, th e l a s t p e r i o d was th e p e a k o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f T e ra k o y a . Over s e v e n ty - tw o p e r c e n t o f a l l th e i n s t i t u t e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h i s p e r i o d and 43 ow ing to su c h e x p a n s io n g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n f l o u r i s h e d among common c l a s s e s * « 7 The n e x t c h a r t r e v e a l s th e num ber o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s w hich c l a r i f i e d t h e c l o s i n g d a te o f f o u r t e e n th o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d re d f o r t y - t h r e e T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s o u t o f th e t o t a l o f f i f t e e n th o u s a n d f i v e h u n d re d f o r t y - s i x T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s r e g i s t e r e d * ^O totake, op* c i t . . V ol. I I , p. 644* TABLE KO. g 4 4 P e r i o d P e r io d o f Y e a r Humber X st™ 5 t]a Bunm ei—.Tenm ei (1 4 6 9 -1 7 8 8 ) 7 K w ansei (17 8 9 -1 8 0 0 1 6 Kyowa (1 8 0 1 -1 8 0 3 ) 5 S i x t h Bimka (1 8 0 4 -1 8 1 7 ) 35 B u n se i (1 8 1 8 -1 8 2 9 ) 94 Tenpo (1 8 3 0 -1 8 4 3 ) 235 Koka (1 8 4 4 -1 8 4 7 ) 127 K a e i (1 8 4 8 -1 8 5 3 ) 281 A n s e i (1 8 5 4 -1 8 5 9 ) 402 Manyen ( I 8 6 0 - ) 113 Btmkyii (1 8 6 1 -1 8 6 3 ) 321 G a n ji (1 8 6 4 - > 1 3 1 K elo (1 8 65-1867} 774 S e v e n th M e i j i (1 8 6 8 - ) 529 (1869 1 475 (1870 ) 567 (1871 ) 1 ,2 4 7 (1872 j 4 ,5 2 9 (1873 ) 1 ,6 7 0 (1874 j 496 (1 8 7 5 -1 8 7 7 ) . 280 (1 8 7 8 -1 8 8 1 ) 116 (1 8 8 2 -1 8 8 7 ) 50 2 ,1 5 9 T o t a l 1 4 ,7 4 9 45 P r i o r t o t h e e r a o f Tenmei (17 8 8 ) fro m t h e f i r s t p e r i o d up u n t i l th e f i f t h p e r i o d (1 4 7 9 -1 7 8 8 ) u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n , t h e r e w ere o n ly s e v e n i n s t i t u t e s known a s t o t h e i r c l o s i n g d a t e . D u rin g t h e s i x t h p e r i o d (1 7 8 9 -1 8 4 3 ) e s p e c i a l l y i n an e r a o f B u n se i (1 8 1 8 -1 8 2 9 ), a t o t a l o f n i n e t y - f o u r w ere c l o s e d and two h u n d re d t h i r t y - f i v e i n t h e Tempo e r a . D u rin g t h i s p e r i o d t h e T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n p r e v a i l e d e x t e n s i v e l y ; and t h e num ber o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n c r e a s e d t r e m e n d o u sly . But on th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e was a p r o p o r t i o n a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e num ber o f T e ra k o y a w h ich w e re c l o s e d . C om paring th e d i f f e r e n c e i n n um bers o f two s i t u a t i o n s t h e e x c e s s o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f i n s t i t u t e s o v e r t h o s e c l o s e d i n d i c a t e s t h e re m a rk a b le g ro w th o f T e ra k o y a . I n th e s e v e n t h p e r i o d , t h i s s i t u a t i o n was u n ch an g ed o r r a t h e r i t i n d i c a t e d th e f a c t t h a t T e ra k o y a was a t i t s h e i g h t . I n t h e e r a o f A n s e i (1 8 5 4 -1 8 5 9 ) c o n t r a r y to t h e p r e c e d in g a g e , t h e num ber o f i n s t i t u t e s c l o s e d w as s u r p r i s i n g l y i n c r e a s e d . T h is phenom enon was due l a r g e l y t o th e c h a u v in i s t i c s p i r i t s t i m u l a t e d by th e a r r i v a l of a f l e e t o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s o f A m erica u n d e r th e command o f Commander P e r r y a t U rag a i n 1 8 5 3 ; E ven t h o s e who w ere e n g a g e d i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s o f T e ra k o y a b e g an to f e e l g r e a t i n t e r e s t and p a r t i c i p a t e i n n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c s a s w e l l a s i n d i p l o m a t i c a f f a i r s . D u rin g t h e e r a o f K e lo , w hich c o v e r s o n ly t h r e e y e a r s , a t o t a l o f s e v e n h u n d re d s e v e n t y - f o u r T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s w ere f o r c e d t o c l o s e , due to th e c h a o t i c c o n d i t i o n s and p o l i t i c a l i r r i t a t i o n s o f a new e r a . T u rn in g to th e age o f 46 M e i j i and th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a new fo rm o f g o v e rn m e n t, th e a d o p ti o n o f new e d u c a t i o n a l p ro g ram s t o o k p l a c e and T e ra k o y a b e g a n to d i s a p p e a r and becam e an i n s t i t u t e b e lo n g in g to th e Thus f a r we h av e d i s c u s s e d a b o u t t h e o p e n in g an d c l o s i n g o f T e ra k o y a s e p a r a t e l y . How a c e n s u s was made s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a s to t h e i r o p e n in g and c l o s i n g o f th e T e ra k o y a , w hich num b e r e d t e n th o u s a n d and e i g h t y - f o u r ; t h e n , t h e a c t u a l num ber o f T e ra k o y a a s th e d i f f e r e n c e o f th e num ber o f o p e n in g and c l o s i n g T e ra k o y a i n s u b s e q u e n t p e r i o d s i s shown i n T a b le 5 . TABLE HO. 5* 47 P e r io d P e r io d < of Y e a r A c tu a l n o . o f T e ra k o y a Bunmei 1 4 6 9 -8 6 3 C hokio 1 4 8 7 -8 8 3 Y entO ku 1 4 8 9 -9 1 3 M eio 1 4 9 2 -1 5 0 0 3 B unki 1 5 0 1 -0 3 3 Y e is h o 1 5 0 4 -2 0 3 F i r s t p e r i o d T a i y e i 1 5 2 1 -2 7 4 K yo ro k u 1 5 2 8 -3 1 4 Tenmon 1 5 3 2 -5 4 5 E o j i 1 5 5 5 -5 7 5 Y e iro k u 1 5 5 8 -6 9 5 G enki 1 5 7 0 -7 2 6 T ensho 1 5 7 3 -9 1 1 2 B unroku 1 5 9 2 -9 5 13 S econd p e r i o d K e ic h o 1 5 9 6 -1 6 1 4 17 Genwa 1 6 1 5 -2 3 17 K w anyei 1 6 2 4 -4 3 29 Shoho 1 6 4 4 -4 7 32 K e ia n 1 6 4 8 -5 1 37 Shoo 1 6 5 2 -5 4 39 T h ir d p e r i o d M e ir e k i 1 6 5 5 -5 7 41 Man j i 1 6 5 8 -6 0 42 Kwanmon 1 6 6 1 -7 2 53 Y enpo 1 6 7 3 -8 0 56 Tenwa 1 6 8 1 -8 3 57 T eik y o 1 6 8 4 -8 7 61 F o u r th p e r i o d G enroku 1 6 8 8 -1 7 0 3 81 H oyei 1 7 0 4 -1 0 90 S h o to k u 1 7 1 1 -1 5 94 Eyoho 1 7 1 6 -3 5 110 Genmon 1 7 3 6 -4 0 124 Kwanpo 1 7 4 1 -4 3 131 Yenko 1 7 4 4 -4 7 140 Kwanyen 1 7 4 8 -5 0 145 F i f t h p e r i o d H o re k i 1 7 5 1 -6 3 177 %"owa 1 7 6 4 -7 1 208 A nyei 1 7 7 2 -8 0 237 Tenm ei 1 7 8 1 -8 8 337 K w ansei 1 7 8 9 -1 8 0 0 495 Kyowa 1 8 0 1 -0 3 568 Bunka 1 8 0 4 -1 7 1063 S i x t h p e r i o d B u n se i 1 8 1 8 -2 9 1766 Tenpo 1 8 3 0 -4 3 3772 "^Ototake, op. c i t . . p. 646. 48 TABLE NOi 3 ( o o n . ) P e r i o d P e r i o d o f y e a r A c t u a l n o . o f T e ra k o y a Koka 1 8 4 4 -4 7 4633 K a y ei 1 8 4 8 -5 3 6216 A n se i 1 8 5 4 -5 9 7713 Manye n I 8 6 0 - * * 7900 S e v e n th p e r i o d Bunkyu 1 8 6 1 -6 3 8594 G a n ji 1 8 6 4 -* * 8841 K elo 1 8 6 5 -6 7 9153 M e i ji 1 8 6 8 -8 7 10006 . S in c e t h e above c h a r t i s f o r m u la te d on th e b a s i s o f t e n th o u s a n d and e i g h t y - f o u r i n s t i t u t e s i n w hich t h e o p e n in g and c l o s i n g o f t h o s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ere r e p o r t e d , t h e f i g u r e may n o t be t h e e x a c t t o t a l o f T e ra k o y a e x i s t i n g i n t h o s e d a y s . I t i s a u s u a l t h i n g t h a t th e r e c o r d s o f a n h i s t o r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n w ere m ore o r l e s s i n a c c u r a t e and o f t e n l a c k i n g , e s p e c i a l l y i n e a r l y d a y s . B u t th e above c h a r t r e v e a l s o b v io u s ly th e p i c t u r e o f d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e * I n su m m a riz in g b r i e f l y , t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f th e e s t a b l i s h m ent i n th e f i r s t p e r i o d i s v e r y lo w . From t h e se c o n d p e r i o d up t o th e f o u r t h , th e num ber was i n c r e a s e d i n th e o r d e r o f an d r e p r e s e n t e d by two f i g u r e : num bers" and a t th e e r a o f Eyoho i t h a s b e e n i n c r e a s e d and r e a c h e d t o t h r e e f i g u r e n u m b e rs. I n t h e e r a o f Myowa and A n y e i, i n t h e f i f t h p e r i o d , th e num b e r r e a c h e d t o two h u n d re d and up to t h r e e h u n d re d a t T enm ei. I n t h e s i x t h p e r i o d u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n i t i n c r e a s e d fro m f o u r h u n d re d t o one th o u s a n d an d s i x t y a t th e e r a o f B unka, one th o u s a n d se v e n h u n d re d s i x t y - s i x a t B u n s e i; and t h r e e th o u s a n d 49 s e v e n h u n d re d f i f t y - f o u r a t Tenpo w hich i s tw ic e th e p r e v i o u s num b er. I n th e s e v e n t h p e r io d u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n tre m e n d o u s e x p a n s io n o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s had t a k e n p l a c e . Even i n th e s h o r t e r a o f Koka, th e t o t a l o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t r e a c h e d o v e r f o u r th o u s a n d s i x h u n d re d and i n th e e r a o f K ay ei th e num ber h ad r e a c h e d t o s i x th o u s a n d tw o h u n d r e d . I n th e e r a o f A n s e i s e v e n th o u s a n d s e v e n h u n d re d i n s t i t u t e s w ere r e p o r t e d an d a t M an y en ,th o u g h i t h ad l a s t e d by a s i n g l e y e a r , s e v e n th o u s a n d n in e h u n d re d w ere e s t a b l i s h e d and e i g h t th o u s a n d s i x h u n d re d a t Bunkyu. I n th e e r a o f G a n ji t h e t o t a l num ber was e i g h t th o u s a n d and a t K eio n i n e th o u s a n d w e re r e p o r t e d , a n d s t i l l i n th e e r a o f M e i ji t h e t o t a l h ad e x c e e d e d t e n t h o u s a n d . S u rv e y in g a b o v e, t h e g e n e r a l e x p a n s io n h ad t a k e n p l a c e a t a n e r a o f Bunka and B u n se i o f th e s i x t h p e r i o d and a f t e r Tenpo th e g o ld e n age i n th e h i s t o r y o f T e ra k o y a h ad b e e n p r o d u c e d . TIBS EK X ÏIA Ü L 83IATl%3 OS' M AZ3T3318 OF THE TERAKOYA INSTITUTE As th e f o l l o w i n g s t a t i s t i c s show , t h e m a s t e r s o f t h e T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s c o m p ris e p e r s o n n e l o f v a r i e d s o c i a l , s t a t u s . Though t h e r e w ere d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s i n u r b a n and r u r a l i n s t i t u t e s and a l s o i n d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s , th e m a s te r s o f 50 T e ra k o y a w ere l a r g e l y S a m u ra i, common p e o p le , m onks, S h in to p r i e s t s and m e d ic a l d o c t o r s . The f o l l o w i n g c h a r t g i v e s a v i v i d p i c t u r e w hich was a r e s u l t o f l a b o r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s made c o n c e r n in g d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s . TABLE NO. 4* S o c i a l ra n k 1 s t p e r i o d 2nd p e r i o d 3 rd p e r i o d 4 t h 5 th 6 t h p e r i o d p e r i o d p e r i o d 7 th p e r 'd T o ta l Gommon Z 1 10 13 72 1137 2939 4174 S am u rai 0 2 3 3 44 835 1810 2697 Monk 0 1 12 2 22 479 1371 1887 S h in to P r i e s t 0 4 5 10 28 228 515 790 D o c to r 0 1 0 2 33 294 597 927 T o t a l 2 9 30 30 199 2973 7282 10475 The num ber i n t h e f i r s t and se c o n d p e r i o d s a s th e t a b l e show s, i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a ll f i g u r e ; t h e r e f o r e , i t i s d i f f i c u l t to make any p o s i t i v e s t a t e m e n t . As t h i s t a b l e r e v e a l s , i n t h e f i r s t an d se co n d p e r i o d s S h in to p r i e s t s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by f o u r , common p e o p le - by t h r e e . S a m u rai - by tw o , and monks and d o c t o r s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by one r e s p e c t i v e l y , o u t o f th e t o t a l e l e v e n . I n th e t h i r d p e r i o d , monks a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by t w e l v e , m a s te r s o f common p e o p le by t e n , S h in to p r i e s t s by f i v e , and Sam urai by t h r e e o u t o f th e t o t a l t h i r t y . I n t h e f o u r t h p e r i o d one w i l l n o t i c e s e v e r a l c h a n g e s * O to ta k e , o p . c i t . , p . 6 5 0 . 51 i n f i g u r e s . Out o f th e t o t a l num ber o f t h i r t y t h e r e a r e m a s t e r s o f common p e o p l e , t h i r t e e n ; S h in to p r i e s t s , t e n ; S a m u ra i, t h r e e ; and monks an d d o c t o r s , tw o r e s p e c t i v e l y . Out o f t h e t o t a l o f one h u n d re d n i n e t y - n i n e i n th e f i f t h p e r i o d , t h e r e a r e : m a s t e r s o f common p e o p l e , s e v e n ty - tw o ; S a m u ra i, f o r t y - f o u r ; d o c t o r s , t h i r t y - t h r e e ; S h in to p r i e s t s , t w e n t y - e i g h t ; and m onks, tw e n ty - o n e . I n th e s i x t h p e r i o d , o u t o f th e t o t a l o f two th o u s a n d n i n e h u n d re d and s e v e n ty - tw o , e a c h g ro u p i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s f o l l o w s : m a s te r s o f common p e o p le , one th o u s a n d one h u n d re d t h i r t y - s e v e n ; S a m u ra i, e i g h t h u n d re d and t h i r t y - f i v e ; m onks, f o u r h u n d re d f o r t y - n i n e ; d o c t o r s , tw o h u n d re d n i n e t y - f o u r ; and S h in to p r i e s t s , two h u n d re d t w e n t y - e i g h t . I n t h e s e v e n t h p e r i o d , o u t o f th e t o t a l s e v e n th o u s a n d two h u n d re d t h i r t y - t w o , e a c h g ro u p i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s f o l l o w s : m a s t e r s o f common p e o p le , two th o u s a n d n in e h u n d re d t h i r t y - n i n e ; S a m u ra i, one th o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d re d t e n ; m onks, one th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d s e v e n t y - o n e ; d o c t o r s , f i v e h u n d re d n i n e t y - s e v e n ; and S h in to p r i e s t s , f i v e h u n d re d f i f t e e n . The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e No. 5 r e v e a l s th e p e r c e n t a g e o f e a c h g ro u p c a l c u l a t e d fro m th e t o t a l th r o u g h o u t th e e n t i r e p e r i o d : TABLE HO. 5 * S o c i a l Rank Common S am urai Monk D o c to r S h i n t o - p r i e s t T o t a l Number 4174 2697 1887 927 790 10475 P e r c e n ta g e 3 9 .8 5 2 5 .7 5 1 8 .0 1 8 .8 5 7 .5 4 1 0 0 .0 0 *O totake, op. c i t . , p . 651 52 The t a b l e h a s b e e n a r r a n g e d i n d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r o f r e s p e c t i v e m em bers. The com bined num ber o f m a s t e r s o f b o th th e f i r s t and se c o n d p e r i o d s fro m common o r i g i n , a s t h e t a b l e show s, r a n k s se c o n d u n d e r th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , an d becom es f i r s t i n th e t h i r d p e r i o d . The i n t e r v a l s o f f i g u r e s b e tw e e n t h e m a s te r s o f common o r i g i n and o t h e r s a r e d e c i s i v e an d i n d i c a t e a t l e a s t th e i n c r e a s i n g pow er o f m a s te r s from common o r i g i n . I n u r b a n a n d r u r a l d i s t r i c t s , T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s had b e e n op ened by t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l g r o u p s ,w e a l t h y p r o p r i e t o r s o f s t o r e s o r la n d - o w n e r s and th e i n t e l l e c t u a l g ro u p had b e e n i n v i t e d a s i n s t r u c t o r s . Thus t h e m a s t e r s o f common o r i g i n d o m in a te d i n num ber i n u r b a n a s w e ll a s i n r u r a l i n s t i t u t e s . As m a s t e r s o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s , S am u rai o c c u p ie d th e t h i r d p l a c e u n d e r t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d u r i n g th e f i r s t and se c o n d p e r i o d s . A lth o u g h t h e y w ere h i g h l y e ste e m e d i n th o s e d a y s , t h e abov e f a c t h i n t s t h a t th e y w ere b u sy a t w a r f a r e w hich had b e e n r e g a r d e d a s t h e i r n o b le t a s k . I n th e f o u r t h p e r i o d t h e num ber o f S am urai b e g a n t o i n c r e a s e , p e rh a p s due to th e i n c r e a s i n g a c t i v i t i e s o f R o n in (S a m u rai w ith o u t l o r d ) . The r e s i d e n c e s o f S am u rai w ere l i m i t e d t o c e r t a i n l o c a l i t i e s and w i t h i n th e t e r r i t o r y c e n t e r e d a ro u n d a c a s t l e ; t h e r e f o r e , t h e i r s p h e r e o f a c t i v i t y a s i n s t r u c t o r s o f T e ra k o y a was r e l a t i v e l y l e s s t h a n t h a t o f th e common c l a s s . H ow ever, i n th e f i f t h p e r i o d t h e i r num ber b e g a n t o i n c r e a s e , s u r p a s s i n g th e r e s t o f t h e g r o u p s ; and a f t e r 55 t h a t p e r i o d S a m u ra is num bered se c o n d o n ly t o th e common c l a s s w hich was by f a r th e l a r g e s t o f a l l th e c l a s s e s . T h is phenom enon was l a r g e l y due t o th e i n c r e a s i n g te n d e n c y among S am u rai o f hum ble p o s i t i o n t o become i n s t r u c t o r s . On th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e num ber o f m onks a s i n s t r u c t o r s o f T e ra k o y a o c c u p ie d f o u r t h p l a c e d u r in g th e f i r s t an d se c o n d p e r i o d s and r o s e t o se c o n d i n th e t h i r d p e r i o d . I n t h e f o u r t h p e r i o d th e num ber d ro p p e d t o f o u r t h p l a c e , an d to f i f t h a t t h e f i f t h p e r i o d . T h is f a c t i n d i c a t e s t h a t monks once p o s s e s s e d an i n f l u e n c e i n th e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n b u t t h i s b e lo n g e d t o t h e p a s t h i s t o r y . A f t e r th e c h a o t i c p e r i o d o f S engoku (p e r i o d o f w a r f a r e ) monks l o s t t h e i r p o s i t i o n s a s t h e l e a d e r s i n th e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n . H ow ever, i n t h e s i x t h p e r i o d m onks r e g a i n e d t h e i r pow er and o c c u p ie d t h i r d p l a c e and e v e n up t o t h e s e v e n th p e r i o d t h e y m a in ta in e d t h e i r p o s i t i o n , b e in g e x c e e d e d o n ly by g r o u p s o f common c l a s s and S a m u ra i. S h in to p r i e s t s o c c u p ie d t h e f i r s t p l a c e i n num ber d u r i n g th e f i r s t and se c o n d p e r i o d s and we h a v e r e a s o n to b e l i e v e t h a t th e y had a l o n g e r h i s t o r y i n T a ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n t h a n any o t h e r g ro u p . Though t h e i r num ber h ad d e c l i n e d r e l a t i v e l y i n th e t h i r d , s i x t h and s e v e n t h p e r i o d s , and t h e i r numbei^is com p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l , s u c h a c t i v e p a r t t a k e n by S h in to p r i e s t s i n th e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n i s w o rth s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n . The num ber o f d o c t o r s e n g a g e d i n t h e i n s t r u c t i o n a t T e ra k o y a i s l e s s t h a n t h a t o f monks and S h in to p r i e s t s . How e v e r , i n t h e f i f t h p e r i o d th e num ber was i n c r e a s e d som ewhat 54 and t h e y o c c u p ie d t h i r d p l a c e ; b u t t h e r e a f t e r i t te n d e d t o d e c l i n e . D i s c u s s io n s t h u s w i l l p r e s e n t a t l e a s t , I b e l i e v e , a v i v i d p i c t u r e r e l a t i n g to t h e m a s t e r s o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s a c c o r d in g to t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s o c i a l s t a t u s . H ow ever, s i n c e t h e r e h ad e x i s t e d som ewhat p r o p o r t io i x a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n num ber o f r e s p e c t i v e c l a s s e s , n a m e l y , common. S a m u ra i, m onks, e t c , , i t i s w o rth w h ile to s u r v e y them a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f e r e n t p r o v i n c e s . The T a b le No. 6 , a r r a n g e d i n t h e o r d e r o f m a g n itu d e o f num ber among f i v e g r o u p s a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f e r e n t p r o v i n c e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n tr y i s a lm o s t i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t o f t h e p r e v i o u s t a b l e . H ow ever, t h e r e e x i s t e d som ewhat c o n t r a r y s i t u a t i o n s among p r o v i n c e s . I n t h e p r o v in c e o f K a n to , Ghugoku, Ghubu and K in k i t h e common e d u c a t i o n d e v e lo p e d to a m arked d e g r e e , and T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s e s t a b l i s h e d by common p e o p le w ere n u m e ro u s. T h is phenom enon e x i s t e d a l s o i n th e s o - c a l l e d u r b a n l o c a l i t i e s o f t h a t d a y ,n a m e ly , Edo, N agoya, K anazaw a, K y o to , an d O sak a. I n b o t h p r o v i n c e s o f K in k i and Ghubu, T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s w ere l a r g e l y e s t a b l i s h e d by th e a b le hand o f m onks, and i n t h e s e s e c t i o n s t h e y p o s s e s s e d much p o w er; I n b r i e f , T e ra k o y a was e s t a b l i s h e d by th e common p e o p l e , i n u r b a n d i s t r i c t s , w h ile i n t h e r u r a l d i s t r i c t s , i t w as e s t a b l i s h e d by m onks. 55 TABLE NO. 6* P r o v in c e S o c i a l Rank 1 a 3 4 5 Whole p r o v i n c e s Common S a m u rai Monk D o c to r S h i n t o - p r i e s K an to Common S am urai Monk S h i n t o - p r i e s t D o c to r Oou S am u rai Common S h i n t o - p r ’t Monk D o c to r Ghubu Gommon Monk S a m u ra i D o c to r S h i n t o - p r *t K in k i Monk Gommon S am u rai D o c to r S h i n t o - p r *t Ghugoku Gommon S am u rai Monk S h i n t o - p r *t D o c to r S h ik o k u S am urai D o c to r Gommon " Monk K yushu S am u rai Common Monk D o c to r S h i n t o - p r ’ t *O totake, op. c i t . , p . 654. 56 CHAPTER V THE PERIOD OF "TERAKOYA" EDUCATION CURRICULA OF STUDY AT TERAKOYA INSTITUTES The ourpiauX um o f T e rà k o y a i n s t i t u t e s c o m p r is e s t h r e e m a in s u b j e c t s , n a m e ly , r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g and a r i t h m e t i c . S u r v e y in g t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n e a c h c o u n tr y and e s p e c i a l l y i n i t s e a r l i e r s t a g e s , t h e same s i t u a t i o n e x i s t e d and t h e s e t h r e e c o n s t i t u t e d th e m ain c u r r i c u lu m o f stu d y * A. A, Brown made a n i n t e r e s t i n g comment r e l a t i n g t o th e s c h o o l s o f th e e a r l y p e r i o d i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s : "N ear t h e c l o s e o f t h e c o l o n i a l p e r i o d t h e f o l lo w in g ty p e s o f s c h o o ls w ere common t o a l l p a r t s o f th e c o u n t r y , a l t h o u g h w ith v e r y d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f e f f i c i e n c y : th e 'Dame s c h o o l ,* c o n d u c t ed by some woman i n a p r i v a t e home, w h ere th e y o u n g e s t c h i l d r e n w ere t a u g h t t h e i r l e t t e r s and t h e s i m p l e s t e le m e n ts o f r e a d i n g and w r i t i n g ; th e 'S c h o o l o f th e T h ree R ' s ' , o r com mon s c h o o l , w here r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g and a r i t h m e t i c w ere t h e p r i n c i p a l s u b j e c t s . " ^ Though p rim a r y e m p h a s is was p u t up on th e t h r e e s u b j e c t s , n u m b ers o f new s u b j e c t s w ere added and r e v i s i o n s o f s u b j e c t m a t t e r w ere a l s o made fro m ag e t o age a c c o r d in g t o th e demand o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c . S u rv e y in g c l o s e l y th e h i s t o r i c a l d a t a c o m p ile d i n H i s t o r i c a l D a ta o f E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , we a r e u n a b le t o p e r c e i v e a f o c u s an d mood o f g e n e r a l im p ro v e m e n ts 1 A. A. Brown, A H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n i n Re c e n t T im e s, p . 3 6 . 57 o f c u r r i c u l a i n T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e . As f a r a s h i s t o r y i s c o n o e rn e d , fro m t h e p e r i o d o f Showa (1 6 5 2 -5 4 ) up u n t i l an e r a o f Kwanmon (1 6 6 1 -7 2 ) and Tenwa (1 6 8 1 -1 6 8 3 ), r e a d i n g and v / r i t i n g w ere th e o n ly s u b j e c t s o f f e r e d a t t h o s e i n s t i t u t e s . Though t h e s e two s u b j e c t s w ere c o n s i d e r e d a s m a jo r s t u d i e s e v en i n t h e e a r l i e r d a y s o f an e r a o f E do, t h e s t u d y o f m a th e m a tic s had n o t b e e n t o t a l l y j i g n o r e d . I t i s t r u e , a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b le No. 7 , t h a t th e s t u d y o f m a th e m a tic s h ad been o f f e r e d i n th e f i r s t y e a r i n th e e r a o f Kyoho (1 7 1 6 -3 5 ) a s a r e g u l a r s u b j e c t ; b u t t h i s i s n o t th e b e g in n in g o f t h e s tu d y i n J a p a n a s f a r a s t h e h i s t o r y i s c o n c e rn e d . I n a r e c o r d c o m p ile d by a p ro m in e n t s c h o l a r , T su d a N a g a ta d a , i n Yenpo (X673) i t i s s t a t e d t h a t " s o n s o f p e a s a n t f a m i l i e s u s e d to go t o t h e te m p le f o r th e s tu d y o f T e n a r a i ( l e a r n i n g t o w r i t e ) and m a th e m a tic s and i t had b e e n common p r e v i o u s l y e v en among m atui"e p e r s o n s t o r e c e i v e i n s t r u c t i o n s fro m monks ; b u t now t h e d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s b eg an to a p p e a r and t h e num ber o f monks who had g iv e n th e ab o v e i n s t r u c t i o n s b eg an t o d e c l i n e , e t c . T h i s s t a te m e n t r e v e a l s th e f a c t t h a t th e s tu d y o f m a th e m a tic s h a d b e en p r o v id e d i n T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s b e s i d e s o t h e r m a jo r s t u d i e s . The f o l lo w in g t a b l e ^ i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s e s u b j e c t m a t t e r s o f f e r e d a t T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s i n c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r . 2 'A H i s t o r i c a l D a ta o f E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , D e p t, o f Educa-. t i o n . V o l. IX, p . 4 2 5 . ^ I . O to ta k e , H i s t o r y of Common E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n . V o l. I I , p . 6 6 3 . 58 e-i sp o x jsd Gxoitü J O i G q . o j pofaod qq-2, JO x^ï^oi t P t ®h ox © M p C U T 3£ ) % •H 6 A nX3{una usiCirsH xesny B 3 [0 3 poxjod qq.9 J O l i s q . o i •x? o *H U < D A g < £ > oduôx Xasang •83pina ■ S A io iC x 'ç&suma^ spoxaed g JO T^c^oj, pox^ced qq.g poxaod i|q .x > popaad pag—T § I CV2l0^-0t0'*HiHI0Cs2U>0)C00»feo^CV10>*l*e0t^l0<^l00 O O C M O O O t O O O O O —I CDCMCM rH CV C M 1 0 b- 0 to H * iH 00 C M 0 0 0 C O 00 C M C O rH rH C O C M H* C M rH to «H rH b » rH H t C O rH to 03 <t H t 03 to rH 0 rH 03 C M C M H * C M rH C M rH rH O c f t o t o c a o * ' d l * o > e o o c o c o c « - f c « t o o a U5f40cve0r4**«r4 c v t 0> M r * — # 0> t-4 0> to iH to l O t O r H t O r H t - r H C \J to O a t ^ t O t O C M t O O < H r - l t ^ C \ j 0> C O rH ISO>tO(HtDeoa»(H W (V r4 rH CM C N 3 C \3 iH to t o rH 0 3 O O i~ i -rj* U) M O' b- to to to est to CO to C O 00 to to rH rH C O rH C M H* rH C M rH to 00 to to C M to rH 00 C M b- rH C O 1 — 1 C M to to to rH 00 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH C M C M iH to C M rH 00 rH rH rH rH 03 to C M Ht rH 00 CO ^ b - rH 03 t o Oa rH b* to C V J to C D C O to < d t to to 0 0 b" t o t o C s* b- oa C V i C O to to *ji C M b^ "i* O C M rH to to 03 .ft CM to b- rH CO t o t o t o to CO CM M C O to C O C M rH iH t o rH t o rH iH C M C M rH rH C M rH > M * r~* to . ft C M t o t o to to C M C M CM CO CO to rH H« CM to rH C M • rC j • P C 4 ) - P •H «H «rl f t ' h <P tiO b O ^ O •H ^ r ü 4 > t f 4 » r d 4 3 ^ gS «H oJ ^ od f t S ê S -S o p B t O O C O < < o to fâ q Q a «4 o < 4 < A . *ri to to Od a o + > •H P $ a C O b D • # to ^ O T «4 O T ^ « H • $ x a § bO a a.S § S 3 * *4 a ^ Ct o a Î t a tH pC $ I s I CO § •H m & O o o t I «4 a •. # 4 bO O I ' g •H i f 4 a ^ P b O h O A 0 •H • r t n o ¥ G d a a CQ P 4 0 A CO 59 As h a s been shown i n th e ab o v e t a b l e , th e num ber o f i n s t i t u t e s w hich o f f e r e d m e r e ly r e a d i n g and w r i t i n g c o n s t i t u t e d t o t a l o f t h r e e th o u s a n d one h u n d re d s e v e n an d o c c u p ie d th e f i r s t r a n k i n num ber, s e c o n d ly , th e i n s t i t u t e s w here m e r e ly i n s t r u c t i o n i n r e a d i n g had b e e n o f f e r e d c o n s t i t u t e d two t h o u s and two h u n d re d e i g h t y - t w o , w h e re a s i n s t r u c t i o n i n w r i t i n g was o f f e r e d o n ly i n one th o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d re d t w e n t y - f i v e , a s th e t h i r d i n o r d e r . I n one th o u s a n d f o u r h u n d re d e i g h t y - o n e i n s t i t u t e s , t h r e e m a jo r s u b j e c t s , nam ely r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g and m a th e m a tic s w ere g i v e n , a n d th e y o c c u p ie d th e f o u r t h p l a c e , w h e re a s i n one th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d and t h r e e i n s t i t u t e s i n s t r u c t io n i n r e a d i n g and m a th e m a tic s was o f f e r e d , an d t h e y came i n t h e f i f t h o r d e r . Any one o f th e above f i v e g ro u p s c l a s s i f i e d i n th e t a b l e c o n s t i t u t e d t h e t o t a l o f m ore t h a n one th o u s a n d . N e x t, th e i n s t i t u t e s i n w hich w r i t i n g and m a th e m a tic s w ere o f f e r e d con s t i t u t e d th e t o t a l o f two h u n d re d t h i r t y - f o u r , and t h e y ra n k e d i n t h e s i x t h o r d e r . In th e s e v e n t h p l a c e , C h in e s e c l a s s i c s w ere o f f e r e d i n one h u n d re d t w e n ty - n i n e i n s t i t u t e s , and i n one h u n d re d i n s t i t u t e s , o n ly i n s t r u c t i o n o f m a th e m a tic s was g i v e n , o c c u p y in g t h e e i g h t h p l a c e . T hose i n s t i t u t e s i n w hich th e i n s t r u c t i o n i n C h in e s e c l a s s i c s was o f f e r e d w ere l a r g e l y u n d e r p r i v a t e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and th e s t u d e n t body i n su ch a n i n s t i t u t e was com posed o f s o n s fro m th e f a m i l i e s o f S a m u ra i. I n b r i e f , t h e m a jo r s t u d i e s o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n had c o n s i s t e d o f th e t h r e e s u b j e c t s o f r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g and 60 m a th e m a tic s , and t h i s was t r u e a s f a r a s t h e h i s t o r y show s, b o th i n o c c i d e n t a l and o r i e n t a l c o u n t r i e s . S p e a k in g upon t h e s u b j e c t o f t e x t b o o k s , t h o s e u se d f o r w r i t i n g o n ly num bered s e v e n h u n d re d tw e n ty -tw o th r o u g h o u t th e w hole c o u n tr y . T h is was due l a r g e l y to d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n e a c h p r o v i n c e , and f u r t h e r m o r e t o th e t e n d e n c i e s among i n s t r u c t o r s t o s e l e c t t e x t s a c c o r d i n g t o i n d i v i d u a l t a s t e and d e g r e e o f k n o w le d g e . W ritin g o f t e x t s commonly p r e v a i l e d among i n s t r u c t o r s and e a c h o f them s t r o v e to p ro d u c e s u c h t e x t s a s w ould be g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t a b l e i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p r o v i n c e s and s u i t e d t o t h e g e n e r a l n e e d s o f s t u d e n t s . A ch iev em en t o f su c h a t a s k was h i g h l y r e g a r d e d and h o n o re d , n o t o n ly i n t h e i r own c i r c l e b u t a l s o by t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c a s a w h o le . A lth o u g h t h e r e w ere f i f t y - o n e t e x t s w h ich w ere commonly a d o p te d i n T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s th r o u g h o u t th e c o u n t r y , th e f o l l o w i n g b o o ks - T s u r e z u r e g u s a . Genj i m o n o g a t a r i , I r o h a u t a . D o jik y o . and J i t s u g o k y o w ere s e l e c t e d fro m th e m a t e r i a l s o u r c e s w hich w ere w r i t t e n w i t h th e o b j e c t i v e o f B uddhism a s t h e i r b a s i c th e m e s . Among t h e s e t e x t s I r o h a u t a . w h ich had b een w r i t t e n by S t . Kobo an d was com posed ^of f o r t y - e i g h t d i f f e r e n t K anas ( J a p a n e s e s y l l a b l e s ) , had b e e n w id e ly u s e d . I t i s p o p u la r among J a p a n e s e ev en a t th e p r e s e n t tim e and i s lo v e d e v e n by th o s e who h av e r e c e i v e d o n ly p r im a r y e d u c a t i o n . B u d d h is m ,.w h ic h p o s s e s s e d d o m in a n t pow er i n th e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n d u r i n g th e p r o lo n g e d p e r i o d s o f N a ra and H e ia n d id n o t l o s e i t s s t r o n g t r a d i t i o n a l pow er; t h e r e f o r e , th o s e ma t e r i a l s o u r c e s o f e d u c a t i o n u s e d i n T e ra k o y a w ere m ore 61 o r l e s s t h i n g s o f B uddhism . The t e x t s o f r e a d i n g books num bered s i x h u n d re d f o r t y - o n e , Among t h e s e , t w e n ty - n in e w ere commonly u s e d th r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y .^ The m o st p o p u l a r t e x t s w ere J i t s u g o k y o and D o jik y o w h ich w ere u s e d a l s o a s t e x t s o f w r i t i n g a s I hav e s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y . T h e re w ere s p e c i a l t e x t s w r i t t e n f o r th e u s e o f women. H ow ever, i n g e n e r a l , T s u r e z u r e g u s a . K a g am ik u sa . G en jim o n o g at a r i . and H e ik e m o n o g a ta ri w ere h i g h l y r e g a r d e d and w ere v e r y p o p u l a r i n th o s e d a y s . T hose t e x t b o oks w h ich had b e e n u s e d fro m th e d a y s o f H e ia n up u n t i l e a r l y p e r i o d o f Tokugawa c a n be c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h e f o l lo w in g t h r e e d i v i s i o n s : 1 . T hose r e l a t i n g to th e I m p e r i a l c e r e m o n ie s . 2 . T hose r e l a t i n g t o th e d a i l y l i f e o f c o u r t i e r s . 3 . T hose r e l a t i n g t o Buddhism* Among t h e s e t h r e e , b o o k s r e l a t i n g to B uddhism c o n s t i t u t e d th e l a r g e s t n um b er. I n t h o s e d a y s , t h e m a j o r i t y o f monks w ere en g ag e d i n w r i t i n g books th o u g h num bers o f r a r e b o o k s w ere p ro d u c e d among th e c i r c l e s o f c o u r t i e r s . S a m u ra i, and an Im p e r i a l h o u s e h o ld . T h e re i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n th r o u g h O oraim ono ( t e x t s ) w r i t t e n by S. U k ai i n t h e E d u c a tio n and R e l i g i o n m ag ain e o f S e p tem b er 1 9 3 0 , i n w h ich he d i v i d e s th e m e d ia e v a l p e r i o d i n t o two d i v i s i o n s m aking th e t h i r d y e a r o f Genko (1333 A .D .) a d i v i d in g l i n e and m ak in g th e f o l l o w i n g i n t e r e s t i n g c o n t r a s t s o f t h e s e two p e r i o d s . ^O totake, op. c i t . , V ol. I l l , p. 11QU7. 62 1 . From N a ra up u n t i l th e e a r l y p a r t o f t h e m ed i a e v a l p e r i o d i t was s a i d t h a t s e v e n ty p e r c e n t o f th e t e x t s w ere w r i t t e n by th e c o u r t i e r s , a n d t h e r e s t by m onks. 2 . D u rin g th e l a t e r p e r i o d o f t h e m e d ia e v a l a g e , n i n e t y p e r c e n t o f th e t e x t s w ere w r i t t e n by monks and t h e r e s t by c o u r t i e r s and S a m u ra i. T h e re w ere num b ers o f t e x t s w h ich d i d n o t c o n c e rn B uddhism th o u g h th e y w ere w r i t t e n by m onks; h o w e v er, t h e y w ere w r i t t e n m ore o r l e s s on t h e th em es o f r e l i g i o n . Somewhat r a d i c a l c h a n g e s o c c u r r e d i n th e s u b j e c t m a t t e r o f t e x t s d u r i n g th e m id d le p e r i o d o f E do, an d t h e y assum ed t h e f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t : 1 . S u b je c t m a t t e r r e l a t i n g t o th e a f f a i r s o f e t h i c s and m o r a l i t y . 2 . S u b je c t m a t t e r r e l a t i n g t o th e a f f a i r s o f j u d i c i a l j u s t i c e . 3 . S u b j e c t m a t t e r r e l a t i n g to th e a f f a i r s o f b u s i n e s s . W ith th e c h a n g e s o f p e r i o d s t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r a s w e ll a s w r i t i n g a l s o m a n i f e s te d s u c h c h a n g e s . The b o o k s w r i t t e n b e f o r e t h e e r a o f Edo m ore o r l e s s r e l a t e d t o B uddhism , w h ile t h o s e books w r i t t e n d u r i n g th e r e i g n o f Tokugawa r e l a t e d to e t h i c s . I t h a s b e en s a i d t h a t e v e n t h o s e b o oks w r i t t e n d u r in g t h e p e r i o d s o f N a ra an d H e ia n and u s e d a s a t e x t book i n t h o s e p e r i o d s s t i l l m a i n t a i n e d t h e i r p o p u l a r i t y among s t u d e n t s u n t i l t h e e a r l y p a r t o f M e i j i E ra ( 1 8 7 3 ). 63 The d e g re e o f i n f l u e n c e of th o s e b o o k s was no d o u b t d e te r m in e d l a r g e l y by t h e i r e x te n d e d u sag e* As I h av e s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , J i t s u g o k y o and D o jik y o w ere u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y , b u t t h e f o l l o w i n g t e n books m a i n t a i n e d t h e g r e a t e s t p o p u l a r i t y among t h e w hole s i x h u n d re d and f i f t y - t w o v a r i e t i e s w h ic h w ere e x t a n t a t t h a t tim e . TABLE HO. 8 * O rd e r Name o f T e x t Book Number 1 J i t s u g o k y o 1341 B T e ik u n O o ra i 981 3 S h is h o 902 4 S h o b a i O o ra i 816 5 D o jik y o 810 6 Im agaw ajo 621 7 Gokyo 607 8 D a ig ak u 533 9 Kongo 485 10 Ghuyo 369 As i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e above t a b l e , J i t s u g o k y o o c c u p ie d t h e f i r s t p l a c e an d D o jik y o o c c u p ie d f i f t h p l a c e i n r e l a t i v e e x t e n t o f u s a g e . H ow ever, a s a t e x t book f o r hand w r i t i n g , I r o h a u t a to o k f i r s t p l a c e an d had w id e s t p o p u l a r i t y . S u rv e y in g t h o s e f a c t s we c a n c o n c lu d e t h a t i n th e e r a o f E do, Con f u c i a n i s m p r e v a i l e d . Though i t c o n s t i t u t e d a n e d u c a t i o n a l *O totake, op. c i t . . p . 991 64 p o w e r, we a r e t o s e e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e o f B uddhism w h ic h to o k a v i t a l r o l e i n t h e u p b u i ld i n g o f common s e n t i m e n ts . THE SCALE OF THE TERAKOYA INSTITUTES Though t h e r e h a d e x i s t e d some d i f f e r e n c e s a s t o t h e s c a l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s o f T e ra k o y a s b e tw e e n t h o s e l o c a t e d i n u r b a n and r u r a l d i s t r i c t s , we c a n s u rv e y th o s e e s t a b l i s h m e n ts fro m d i f f e r e n t a n g l e s , t h a t i s , f i r s t by e x a m in in g th e num ber o f p u p i l s , a n d , s e c o n d , by f i n d i n g . t h e d u r a t i o n o f e a c h e s t a b l i s h m e n t . L e t u s f i r s t s u r v e y th e num ber o f p u p i l s i n T e ra k o y a b a s e d upon t h e d a t a w hich h av e b e e n c o m p ile d by 5 P r o f e s s o r Iw azo O to ta k e . ^O totake, op. c i t . . p . 914. 65 TABLE NO. 9 Number o f p u p i l s Number o f T e ra k o y a L e88 t h a n 10 — — — — — — — — — — 292 -------------------------- 518 ------------- .... 305 — 168 — -----------------------------------— — 154 ------------ 131 — 28 2 T o t a l — — — — — — — 1940 As h a s been shown i n th e ab o v e t a b l e , t h o s e T e ra k o y a w h ic h accom m odated t h e num ber o f s t u d e n t s fr< m tw e n ty t o t w e n t y - n i n e , c o n s t i t u t e d t h e m a j o r i t y a n d , m ak in g t h i s a mean o f t h e num ber o f i n s t i t u t e s l y i n g a t b o th e x tr e m e s , show s a g r a d u a l d e c l i n e . The num ber o f T e ra k o y a w h ic h had a c a p a c i t y t o accom m odate o v e r one h u n d re d and f i f t y p u p i l s c o n s t i t u t e d n i n e t y - f o u r o f t h e t o t a l . G e n e r a ll y s p e a k i n g , T e ra k o y a u s u a l l y c o u ld accom m odate fro m tw e n ty t o t h i r t y p u p i l s . The fo l« lo w in g t a b l e show s t h e a v e r a g e num ber o f p u p i l s , c l a s s i f i e d 10 --------- 19 20 29 30 40 — — — 49 50 100 150 — — — — *»19 9 200 ----- ..-2 4 9 250 --------- 299 300 m m w rn m rn — — 39 9 400 -------- 499 66 by s e x i n T e ra k o y a s e s t a b l i s h e d s i n c e th e e r a s o f Kyowa and by th e c l a s s e s , , common p e o p le . S a m u rai and m onks, r e s p e c t i v e l y . TABLE HO. 1 0 * SOCIAL STATUS OF MASTERS. T a ra k o y a o f Gommon p e o p le T a ra k o y a o f T e ra k o y a o f S a m u rai Monk AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS Y e a r Boys G i r l s Boys G i r l s Boys G i r l s Kyowa (1 8 0 1 -0 3 ) 25 7 60 30 90 10 B u n k a - z e n k i(1 6 0 4 -0 9 ) 43 16 51 31 18 0 B u n k a -k o k i (1 8 1 0 -1 7 ) 89 28 72 2 1 112 3 B u n s e i - z e n k i (1 8 1 8 -2 3 ) 46 17 80 39 63 11 B u n s e i- k o k l . (1 8 2 4 -2 9 ) 68 28 86 25 2 1 1 0 T e n p o - z e n k i(1 8 3 0 -3 6 ) 64 24 8 1 47 25 8 T e n p o -k o k i (1 8 3 7 -4 3 ) 49 31 55 25 34 12 Koka (1 8 4 4 -4 7 ) 46 17 49 21 41 12 K a e i (1 8 4 8 -5 3 ) 48 21 71 25 38 9 A n s e i (1 8 5 4 -5 9 ) 40 15 57 22 33 12 M anyen, B unkyu, G a n ji (1 8 6 0 -6 4 ) 41 23 55 26 34 10 K e io , M e iji( 1 8 6 5 - 8 7 ) 41 18 46 2 1 34 12 L o o k in g a t t h i s t a b l e we c a n ju d g e t h a t t h o s e T e ra k o y a w h ich had b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a t a n e a r l y p e r i o d o f Tempo had *0 t o t a k e , op. c i t . . V ol. I l l , p . 914 67 som ew hat l a r g e r a v e ra g e num ber o f p u p i l s t h a n t h o s e o f l a t e r p e rio d s# . The above f a c t s h a v e b e e n due l a r g e l y t o th e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s . I n t h e fo rm e r p e r i o d , i n s p i t e o f g e n e r a l e x p a n s i o n , f a c i l i t i e s i n T e ra k o y a w ere n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y p r o v id e d an d th e num ber o f su c h i n s t i t u t e s was r e l a t i v e l y l e s s . C onse q u e n t l y , a l a r g e num ber o f p u p i l s was f o r c e d t o a t t e n d th e same i n s t i t u t e . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n t h e l a t e r p e r i o d , l a r g e n um bers o f T e ra k o y a w ere e s t a b l i s h e d and th e p u p i l s h ad b e en s c a t t e r e d among t h e d i f f e r e n t T e r a k o y a s . As t h e t a b l e r e v e a l s , th e T e ra k o y a e r e c t e d b y S am u rai h ad accom m odated th e l a r g e s t num ber o f p u p i l s and t h o s e w ere f o llo w e d by t h o s e e s t a b l i s h e d by Common p e o p le an d M onks. The num ber o f T e ra k o y a o p e r a t e d by monks was l e s s , s i n c e th e t e n d e n c i e s o f s u c h i n s t i t u t e s w ere t o accom m odate o n ly s o n s and d a u g h t e r s c f c e r t a i n s e c t s and t h e i r l o c a l i t i e s h ad b e e n l a r g e l y c o n f in e d t o r u r a l d i s t r i c t s . One o f t h e p e c u l i a r a s p e c t s i n th e T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s d i r e c t e d by monks was t h a t t h e num ber o f fe m a le p u p i l s com p r i s i n g th e s t u d e n t body i n su c h i n s t i t u t e s was r e l a t i v e l y l e s s i n n u m b er, due t o th e r e l i g i o u s p r e j u d i c e shown them by e a c h s e c t , and some o f th em t o t a l l y r e f u s e d t o a llo w th e a t te n d a n c e o f fe m a le p u p i l s , a s i n t h e p r o v i n c e s o f Wakayama and N a ra . Such was t h e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n . H ow ever, t h e r e w ere s e v e r a l e x c e p t i o n s t h a t e x i s t e d e v en among t h o s e i n s t i t u t e s e s t a b l i s h e d by m onks. The T e ra k o y a w hich was o p e r a t e d by a monk cal& ed Soy e n , a t E im y o ji Tem ple i n T a jim im u ra , i n C ihu p r e f e c t u r e , w h ich had b e e n c o n tin u e d fro m t e n t h o f Tenpo (1 8 3 0 ) up u n t i l th e e r a o f A n s e l (1859) h ad s i x h u n d re d e i g h t y 6 8 p u p i l s . B e s id e s t h e s e w ere a l s o s e v e r a l i n s t i t u t e s w ith a c com m odations f o r b e tw e e n f o u r and f i v e h u n d re d p u p i l s , r e g a r d e d a s a l a r g e s t u d e n t body i n th o s e d a y s . L a rg e i n s t i t u t e s w ith a d e q u a te f a c i l i t i e s w ere commonly s e e n among th o s e T e ra k o y a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e common p e o p l e s . T h is was. due l a r g e l y to th e r i s e o f p o p u l a r e d u c a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t th e l a t t e r p e r i o d o f E d o . A c c o r d in g ly , su c h i n s t i t u t e s w ere u s e d s o l e l y f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f e d u c a t i o n . The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f s u c h T e ra k o y a and t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f p u p i l s w ere c a r r i e d on som ewhat s c i e n t i f i c a l l y , th o u g h s u f f i c i e n t f a c i l i t i e s w ere n o t p r o v i d e d . H ow ever, t h e y p o s s e s s e d room s to accom m odate a l a r g e num ber o f p u p i l s . Hav i n g c o m p le te d t h e i r s t u d i e s , th e p u p i l s w ere c u s t o m a r i l y s c a t t e r e d h e re and t h e r e i n d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s when t h e y e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r own T e ra k o y a and g a v e i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o m m u n itie s . W ith o u t a d o u b t i n su c h i n s t i t u t e s , t h e t r a d i t i o n s and m eth o d s o f i n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i r Alma M a te r w ere d i r e c t l y a d o p te d and a n i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n w as m a in ta in e d b e tw e e n th e s e i n s t i t u t e s . How, l e t u s s u r v e y b r i e f l y th e f a c i l i t i e s o f s u c h T e ra k o y a s a c c o r d i n g t o p e r i o d s o f e x i s t e n c e . As f a r a s o u r h i s t o r y i s c o n c e rn e d , some T e ra k o y a s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d and m ain t a i n e d u n t i l th e f i f t h o r e i g h t h g e n e r a t i o n by th e same fam i l y , c o v e r i n g b e tw e e n two t o t h r e e h u n d re d y e a r s . As t o th e d u r a t i o n o f T e ra k o y a , th e m o st o f t h e d a t a h a s b e e n o b t a i n e d fro m th e H i s t o r y o f J a p a n e s e E d u c a ti o n . The 69 f o l l o w i n g t a b l e i s made i n o r d e r t o r e v e a l th e l e n g t h o f e x i s t e n c e , a s w e ll a s th e s o c i a l s t a t u s o f th e p r o p r i e t o r s . TABLE HO.11* D u r a ti o n o f T e ra k o y a Common p e o p le S am u rai Monk S h i n t o - p r i e s t D o c to r To ta : L e s s t h a n a y e a r 7 5 6 2 4 24 1 - 4 y e a r s 341 242 156 94 53 846 5 - 9 * 642 397 337 113 134 1623 1 0 -1 9 * 1036 481 539 200 242 2500 2 0 -2 9 « 793 451 360 134 143 1881 3 0 -4 9 M 570 363 290 107 1 5 8 1488 5 0 -9 9 * 2 2 1 114 72 4 8 58 513 O ver 100 y e a r s 1 1 5 6 7 3 32 T o t a l 3623 2058 1766 665 795 8907 As t h e t a b l e abov e sh o w s, t h e m a j o r i t y o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s w ere t e r m i n a t e d a f t e r t e n t o tw e n ty y e a r s . T hose i n s t i t u t e s w h ic h l a s t e d b e tw e e n tw e n ty and t h i r t y y e a r s , com p r i s e a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e n u m b e r, w h ich comes c l o s e t o f i r s t i n r a n k , d i s r e g a r d i n g t h o s e o p e r a t e d by m e d ic a l d o c to r s . T hose w h ich w ere c o n ti n u e d m ore t h a n a n h u n d re d y e a r s a r e v e r y few s i n c e m ost o f T e ra k o y a w ere u s u a l l y c l o s e d a t t h e d e a t h o f t h e i r f o u n d e r s . *0totake, op. cit.. p. 921. 70 T a b le 12 ^ show s th e d u r a t i o n o f e a c h g ro u p upon a p e r - c e n ta g e b a s i s TABLE HO. 12 D u r a ti o n o f T e ra k o y a Common p e o p le S a m u rai Monk S h i n t o - p r i e s t D o c to r L e s s t h a n a y e a r 0 .1 9 0 .2 4 0 .3 3 0 .3 0 0 .5 0 1 - 4 y e a r s 9 .4 1 1 1 .7 5 6 .8 2 8 .1 2 6 .6 7 5 -9 « 1 7 .7 2 1 9 .2 9 1 9 .0 7 1 6 .9 9 1 6 .8 6 1 0 -1 9 « 2 6 .6 5 2 3 .3 7 3 0 .5 0 30*08 3 0 .4 4 2 0 -2 9 « 2 1 .8 9 2 1 .9 1 2 0 .3 7 2 0 .1 5 1 7 .9 9 3 0 -4 9 « 1 5 .7 5 1 7 .6 3 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .0 9 1 9 .8 7 5 0 -9 9 « 6 .1 0 5 .5 3 4 .0 7 7 .2 2 7 .3 0 O ver 100 y r s . 0 .3 0 0 .2 4 0 .3 3 1 .0 5 0 .3 8 T o t a l 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 As i l l u s t r a t e d i n th e above t a b l e , t h o s e T e ra k o y a s t e r m i n a t i n g a f t e r f r c m f i v e t o t h i r t y y e a r s * e x i s t e n o e c o n s t i t u t e s i x t y - f i v e t o s e v e n t y p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . T h e r e f o r e we may c o n c lu d e t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e T e ra k o y a en d ed w i t h th e d e a t h o f t h e i r f o u n d e r s . &Ototake, op. c i t . . p. 922. 71 GENERAL CONDITIONS RELATING TO AN ATTENDANCE AT TERAKOYS INSTITUTES A tte n d a n c e o f p u p i l s a t T e ra k o y a i s a v e ry im p o r ta n t ite m to l o o k a t ; l e t u s s u r v e y a t t h i s moment t h e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n fro m a v a i l a b l e s o u r c e s . Up u n t i l t h e e r a o f Bunka an d B u n se i (1 8 0 4 -1 8 1 8 ) t h e r e w ere n o t s u f f i c i e n t r e c o r d s l e f t t o c a r r y on a v a l u a b l e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The o n ly a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l i s th e r e s u l t o f th e l a b o r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n made by I . O to ta k e . T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n w as c o m p le te d fro m t h e r e l i a b l e num ber o f one th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d t h i r t y - o n e p e r so n s o u t o f a t o t a l o f t h r e e th o u s a n d a n d n i n e t y who f u r n i s h e d a c t u a l r e p o r t s r e g a r d i n g t h e r a t i o . o f a t t e n d a n c e i n t h e i r l o c a l i t i e s . ta b le; n o. 15* R a te o f A tte n d a n c e A c t u a l num ber o f r e p o r t e r P e r C e n t ag e A t t h e l o c a l i t i e s w here p e r f e c t a t t e n d a n c e was r e p o r t e d . 105 7 .8 9 At t h e l o c a l i t i e s w here t h e ma j o r i t y was r e p o r t e d t o be i n a tt e n d a n c e . 216 1 6 .2 3 At t h e l o c a l i t i e s w here h a l f o f t h e p u p i l s w ere r e p o r t e d t o be i n a t t e n d a n c e . 124 9.31) At t h e l o c a l i t i e s w h ere th e m a j o r i t y w as n o t r e p o r t e d to be i n a t t e n d a n c e 194 1 4 .5 7 A t t h e l o c a l i t i e s w here t h e m a j o r i t y o f th e p u p i l s w ere n o t i n a tte n d a n c e ^ 455 3 2 .6 8 T o t a l 1 ,,551 1 0 0 .0 0 *O totake, op. c i t . , p. 927. 72 As t h e t a b l e r e v e a l s , l o c a l i t i e s w here h u n d re d p e r c e n t a t te n d a n c e o f p u p i l s was s e e n , c o n s t i t u t e o n ly 7 .8 9 p e r c e n t , a n d , on th e o t h e r h a n d , i n t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r d i s t r i c t s w i t h no a t t e n d a n c e c o n s t i t u t e 1 9 .3 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . I n th e p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l i t i e s u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n h a l f o f t h e c h i l d r e n d i d n o t a t t e n d T e ra k o y a a t a l l , and t h a t c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d i n th e f i g u r e o f 3 2 .6 8 p e r c e n t , w h ic h i s t h e h i g h e s t o f a l l . T h is t a b l e r e v e a l s th e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n , n o t o n ly i n t h o s e l o c a l i t i e s , b u t t h r o u g h o u t th e w hole c o u n tr y i t c a n be r e g a r d e d a l s o a s a p r e v a i l i n g s i t u a t i o n . C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f th e s u b j e c t fro m t h i s s i t u a t i o n m akes i t a p p a r e n t t h a t f i f t y p e r c e n t o f th e y o u n g e r p o p u l a t i o n d id n o t a t t e n d T e ra k o y a , th e o n ly l e a r n i n g i n s t i t u t e s e x i s t i n g i n t h o s e d a y s . B ut th e s i t u a t i o n was n o t a s h o p e l e s s a s i t m ig h t be, c o n s i d e r i n g th e r e m o te n e s s o f t h e t i m e , th o u g h i t may seem s t r a n g e i n t h e l i g h t o f t o d a y , t h e age o f p o p u l a r e d u c a t i o n . How l e t u s v ie w b r i e f l y th e m ale and fe m a le a t t e n d a n c e s e p a r a t e l y . I n J a p a n s i n c e e a r l y d a y s women h av e n o t b e en g i v e n f a v o r a b l e s o c i a l p r i v i l e g e s . H ow ever, w ith t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f B uddhism an d T ao ism , a new c o n c e p ti o n was g r a d u a l l y fo rm ed and w i t h t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f f e u d a l i s m , i t p r o d u c ed a w ide gap s o c i a l l y a s w e l l a s p o l i t i c a l l y b e tw e e n t h e s e tw o s e x e s . T h e re b y , th r o u g h o u t th e h i s t o r y o f T e ra k o y a th e num ber o f women i n a t t e n d a n c e was d e c i d e d l y l e s s t h a n t h a t o f men. T h is c o n d i t i o n e x i s t e d u n t i l t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f M e i j i . 73 An I n t e r e s t i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n was made c o n c e r n in g th e num ber o f p u p i l s who had r e f u s e d t o a t t e n d T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s . TABLE NO. 14* R e a so n s f o r n o n - a tte n d a n o e Number P e r c e n ta g e 1 . P o v e r ty 1 ,6 7 9 5 3 .4 2 2 . C h i ld r e n o f lo w e r b i r t h 608 1 9 .3 4 3 . D i s l i k e f o r th e s c h o o l 214 6 .8 0 4 . P a r e n t s ig n o r e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f e d u c a t i o n 2 0 1 6 .3 9 5 . B e c a u se o f b e in g g i r l 165 5 .2 5 6 . E ngaged i n h o u s e h o ld s e r v i c e s i n o t h e r f a m i l i e s 89 2 .6 3 7 . S ic k n e s s 67 2 .1 3 8 . C h i l d r e n o f f is h - m e n o r s e a men 34 1 .0 8 9 . P r i v a t e e d u c a t i o n 32 1 .0 1 1 0 . O rp h an s 24 0 .7 6 1 1 . B e c a u se o f l a r g e f a m i l y and num ber o f b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s 15 0 .4 7 1 2 . B e c a u se o f n o t b e in g h e i r and no i n h e r i t a n c e f r cm t h e f a m i l y 5 0 .1 5 1 3 . B e c a u se o f lo n g d i s t a n c e t o T e ra k o y a 4 0 .1 2 1 4 . B e cau se o f s o n s o f *T o k u s h u b u ra k u *** ' 4 0 .1 2 1 5 . C h i l d r e n o f m in e r 1 0 .0 3 1 6 . Due t o a n o r d e r o f a c l a n p r o h i b i t i n g a t t e n d a n c e 1 0 .0 3 T o t a l 3 ,1 4 3 1 0 0 .0 0 * O to ta k e , o p . c i t . . p . 9 4 0 . * * T o k u sh u b u ra k u , t r a d i t i o n a l l y s e c lu d e d g ro u p o f f a m i l i e s 74 L o o k in g c l o s e l y a t t h i s t a b l e , 53*42 p e r c e n t n e g l e c t e d e d u c a t i o n b e c a u s e o f p o v e r t y , a n d t h i s g ro u p r a n k e d f i r s t u n d e r th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . M e re ly b e c a u s e t h e y w ere c h i l d r e n o f hum ble b i r t h , 19.54 p e r c e n t h a d no T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n a t a l l . I n th o s e d a y s e d u c a t i o n was n o t f o r c e d ; t h e r e f o r e , p e o p le i n t h e lo w e r c l a s s u s u a l l y ig n o r e d t h e n e c e s s i t y o f e d u c a t i o n . I n b r i e f , we c a n c o n c lu d e t h a t ite m s 1 , 2 , and 5 c o n s t i t u t e t h e b a s i c e le m e n ts u n d e r p u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . AN AGE OF ENTRANCE, A PERIOD OF STUDY AND GENERAL CONDITION DISCUSSION ON HOURS AND DAYS OF STUDY Due to th e d i f f e r e n t c u sto m s w hich e x i s t e d i n d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s , t h e r e w ere no u n ifo rm r u l e s w h ic h p r e s c r i b e d a n age o f e n t r a n c e t o T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s . H ow ever, i n th o s e d a y s c h i l d r e n w ere u s u a l l y a d m itte d a t a n age b e tw e e n s i x and t h i r t e e n , eind m o st o f th em e n t e r e d a t e i g h t o r n i n e y e a r s o f a g e . L e t u s s u r v e y b r i e f l y th e g e n e r a l a s p e c t s r e l a t i n g t o th e y e a r s o f s t u d y a t T erak o y a.. The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e i s made i n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t a v i v i d p i c t u r e r e g a r d i n g y e a r s o f s tu d y a t T e ra k o y a . TABLE HO. 15* BOYS GIRLS Y e a r No. P e r C e n ta g e : Y e a r No. P e r C e n ta g e 5 y e a r s 429 1 8 .5 3 ; 3 y e a r s 132 2 5 .7 3 5 * * 422 1 8 .3 2 : 4 ♦ * 99 19*30 4 It 368 1 5 .9 7 I 5 « 84 1 6 .3 7 6 * * 289 1 2 .5 4 : 6 « 62 1 2 .0 9 y It 237 1 0 .2 9 • t 7 » 47 9 .2 6 8 * * 173 7 .5 1 : 2 " 4 1 7 .9 9 2 tt 157 6 .8 1 • : 8 « 17 3 .3 1 1 y e a r 69 2 .9 9 : 1 y e a r 13 2 .5 3 9 y e a r s 61 2 .6 5 • : 9 y e a r s 8 1 .5 6 :L e s s th a n 10 « 56 2 .4 3 : . 1 y e a r 4 0 .7 8 L e s s t h a n : 1 y e a r 2 1 0 .9 1 :1 0 y e a r s 4 0 .7 8 1 1 y e a r s 12 0 .5 2 ;1 2 » 2 0 .3 9 12 * * 5 0 .2 2 13 * * 4 0 .1 7 f 14 « 1 0 .0 4 15 « 1 0 .0 4 . • 16 « 1 0 .0 4 T o t a l 2 ,3 0 4 1 0 0 .0 0 : T o t a l 513 1 0 0 .0 0 *O totake, op. a i t . . p . 949 76 As t h e t a b l e sh ow s, t h e p e r i o d o f s tu d y f o r bo y s v a r i e s fro m one t o s i x t e e n y e a r s . I f we o a n o e l th e num ber w hich w ere l e s s t h a n one p e r c e n t , i t r u n s fro m one to t e n y e a r s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , g i r l s v a r y fro m one to tw e lv e y e a r s . I f we c a n c e l t h e num ber b e lo w one p e r c e n t , a s i n th e p r e v i o u s c a s e , i t r u n s fro m one to n in e y e a r p e r i o d s . I f we a r r a n g e t h e te r m s o f s tu d y ab o v e te n p e r c e n t u n d e r th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , th e o r d e r o f b o y s w ould be t h r e e , f i v e , f o u r , s i x a n d s e v e n y e a r s , w h e re a s g i r l s r u n fro m t h r e e , f o u r , an d f i v e . U nder th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , t h e t h r e e y e a r p e r i o d t a k e s i n th e l a r g e num ber b o t h o f b o y s a n d g i r l s i n T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s . Now, l e t u s p a u s e h e r e t o c o n s i d e r th e m an n er o f s tu d y a t T e ra k o y a . I n some T e ra k o y a p o s s e s s i n g i n s u f f i c i e n t f a c i l i t i e s , l e s s o n s w ere t a u g h t d u r i n g th e c e r t a i n f i x e d p e r i o d i n th e y e a r . The c o u r s e o f s tu d y was c o n tin u o u s th r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . I n t h e c o ld p ro v in c e s, o f t h e n o r t h , e s p e c i a l l y i n S h i n y e t s u , H o k o u ri- k u , an d T ohoku, T e ra k o y a was c l o s e d d u r i n g th e w i n t e r , w h ile i n o t h e r p a r t s , T e ra k o y a was opened o n ly a t l e i s u r e p e r i o d s , a f t e r o r b e f o r e r u s h s e a s o n s . The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e r e v e a l s t h e o p e n in g and c l o s i n g tim e o f s tu d y a t a num ber o f T e ra k o y a s . 77 TABLE NO. 16* Time t o b e g in Time t o c l o s e Time Number P e r c e n ta g e t Time Number P e r c e n ta g e 8 a .m . 1490 5 3 .1 0 : 4 p .m . 1 ,0 5 3 3 8 .0 8 9 a .m . 536 1 9 .1 0 3 p.m . 703 2 5 .4 2 7 a .m . • 219 7 .8 0 : 2 p .m . 354 1 2 .8 0 10 a .m . 107 3 .8 1 : 5 p .m . 211 7 .6 3 6 a .m . 62 2 .2 4 : A f t e r 6 pm. 135 4 .8 8 5 a .m . 58 2 .0 6 : Noon 115 4 .1 5 B e fo re 5 a .m . 20 0 .7 1 : 1 p .m . 17 0 .6 1 A f te r n o o n 17 0 .6 0 : B e fo re noon 12 0 .4 3 1 1 a .m . 13 0 .4 5 : U n c e r t a i n t y 165 5 .9 6 2 p .m . 1 1 0 .3 8 : A bout no o n 8 0 .2 8 : U n c e r t a i n t y 265 9 . 44 Î T o t a l 2 ,8 0 6 1 0 0 .0 0 : T o t a l 2 ,7 6 5 1 0 0 .0 0 As T a b le No. 16 r e v e a l s , 5 3 .1 0 p e r c e n t o u t o f t h e t o t a l b e g a n t h e i r l e s s o n s a t e i g h t o ’ c lo c k i n t h e m o rn in g , and 1 9 .1 0 p e r c e n t a t n i n e , w h ile 9 .4 4 p e r c e n t h a d no d e f i n i t e tim e s c h e d u l e . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , 3 8 .0 8 p e r c e n t w ere c lo s e d a t f o u r p . m . ; 2 5 .4 2 p e r c e n t a t 3 p .m . C om bining t h e s e t o g e t h e r , we o b t a i n 6 3 .5 0 p e r c e n t ; t h e r e f o r e , we c a n c o n c lu d e t h a t th e m a j o r i t y w ere c l o s e d a t b e tw e e n t h r e e and f o u r i n t h e a f t e r * 0 to t a k e , op. c i t . . p. 952 78 n o o n , a l t h o u g h some had b een c l o s e d a t o r b e f o r e n o o n . S u r v e y in g t h i s t a b l e we r e a l i z e t h a t , i n t h a t d a y , T e ra k o y a m a i n t a i n e d a s c h e d u le o f fro m s e v e n t o e i g h t h o u r s , w h ich i s two o r t h r e e h o u r s l o n g e r t h a n o u r p r e s e n t s y s te m i n p u b l i c s c h o o l s . ADMINISTRATION OF TERAKOYA M ost T e ra k o y a s , e x c e p t t h o s e s i t u a t e d i n u r b a n d i s t r i c t s , h ad f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t y . C o n s e q u e n tly , t h e incom e r e c e i v e d was n o t s u f f i c i e n t to m a i n t a i n th e l i v i n g c o s t o f a n i n s t r u c t o r ’ s f a m i l y . I t had b e en a c u sto m to r e c e i v e g i f t s on th e f i r s t d a y o f e v e r y T e r a k o ’ s e n t r a n c e , a n d t h i s p r a c t i c e , c a l l e d "Sokushu*’ was one o f th e r e s p e c t e d c e re m o n ie s i n T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s * The g i f t s w ere u s u a l l y m oney, c a k e , l i q u o r , m e r c h a n d is e , g o o d s , e t c . H ow ever, money w as t h e m ost common g i f t , i n q u a n t i t y and i n v a l u e . Though g i f t s h e lp e d g r e a t l y , t h e am ount w as n o t s u f f i c i e n t to m a i n t a i n th e h o u s e h o ld o f an i n s t r u c t o r ’ s f a m i l y . B e s id e s t h i s , a t a p a r t i c u l a r s e a s o n i n t h e y e a r , e v e r y * ’T e r a - k o ” made v a r i o u s p r e s e n t s f o r h i s i n s t r u c t o r s a s a m eans o f show ing a p p r e c i a t i o n . The common ite m s o f su c h g i f t s w ere m oney, r i c e , m e r c h a n d is e , g o o d s , r i c e c a k e , f i s h , v e g e t a b l e s , w h e a t, l i q u o r , S e k ih a n a n d c ak e and s e a s o n a l p r o d u c ts * Money e x i s t e d a s a medium o f e x c h a n g e i n t h o s e d a y s , and was u s e d a s a g i f t s i n c e T e ra k o y a was a t t h e peak o f i t s d e v e lo p m e n t, th o u g h th e p r a c t i c e was v e r y r a r e i n p r e v i o u s d a y s . 79 Tile tim e t o r e c e i v e t h o s e g i f t s w as n o t f i x e d , a n d i t was m ore o r l e s s l e f t to th e ju dgm en t o f th e p a r e n t s .. H ow ever, p r e s e n t s w ere made a t New Y e a r, TJrabon, (B u d d h is t a l l s o u l s ’ d a y ) . B o y s ’ d a y , and i n some c a s e s e v e r y m onth o r e v e r y o t h e r m o n th . We o f t e n w onder how t h o s e i n s t i t u t e s w ere m a i n t a i n e d w ith su c h s m a ll c o m p e n s a tio n . B ut we m ust rem em ber t h a t T e ra k o y a w ere o p e r a t e d by th e s a c r i f i c e o f a p a r t i c u l a r g ro u p o f i n t e l l e c t s f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f th e p u b l i c . T hose i n s t i t u t e s w ere m a i n t a i n e d and o p e r a t e d th r o u g h t h e i r s p i r i t o f e a r n e s t d e v o t i o n f o r th e b e n e f i t o f th e m em bers i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e com m u n i t i e s . B e s id e s t h i s b u r n in g f a i t h on t h e p a r t o f i n s t r u c t o r s f o r e d u c a t i o n , t h e r e w ere s e v e r a l o t h e r r e a s o n s w h ic h f a c i l i t a t e d t h e m a in te n a n c e o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s . Monks and S h in to p r i e s t s w ere t h e o n ly g ro u p who p o s s e s s e d s u f f i c i e n t b u i l d i n g s l a r g e en o u g h t o accom m odate n u m b e rs, and t h e y r e a l i z e d t h e i r d u t y t o d e v o te t h e i r l i v e s t o su c h s e r v i c e s . C o n s e q u e n tly , th e b u rd e n o f c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e n s e s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c l a s s room s was l a r g e l y e l i m i n a t e d and i n t h o s e d a y s g e n e r a l e x p e n s e s f o r n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s was c o m p a r a t i v e l y l e s s . F u rth erm o r^ e, ^ t wasrcommon among f a m i l i e s o f i n s t r u c t o r s t o a t t e n d i n s t r u c t i o n . W h ile h u s b a n d s gave i n s t r u c t i o n s t o g r o u p s o f m en, t h e i r w iv e s t a u g h t g r o u p s o f women. Thus i n s t r u c t i o n was d i v i d e d and t h i s t a s k was c o n ti n u e d frcan g e n e r a - t i o n to g e n e r a t i o n . W ith t h e e x p a n s io n o f T e ra k o y a , th e t e n d e n c y among t h o s e i n s t i t u t e s was t o em ploy b r i g h t s t u d e n t s a s a s s i s t a n t i n s t r u c t o r s , so a s t o e l i m i n a t e a d d i t i o n a l e x p e n s e s . 60 B e in g a s s i s t a n t s , t h e y r e c e i v e d t r a i n i n g and becam e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n w hich d e te r m in e d t h e i r l i f e t a s k a s i n s t r u c t o r s i n T e ra k o y a s . By u s e o f th e above m e th o d s, t h e m anagem ent o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s was v e r y much f a c i l i t a t e d . RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AT TERAKOYA Thus f a r t h i s d i s c u s s i o n h a s c o v e r e d d e v e lo p m e n t o f T e r a k o y a i n t h e e r a o f Y edo, a n d i t s f a c i l i t i e s . The d i s c u s s i o n h a s a l s o c o v e r e d t e x t books and m anagem ent o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s . R e v ie w in g th e d i s c u s s i o n s t h u s f a r , we c a n c o n c lu d e t h a t common e d u c a t i o n w as l a r g e l y c a r r i e d on by t h e common p e o p l e . S a m u ra i, an d m onks. As s t a t e d i n a p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r , monks p o s s e s s e d a d o m in a n t pow er i n th e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e e r a s o f N a ra , H e ia n and M urom achi, and te m p le s w ere t h e l e a r n i n g c e n t e r s i n t h o s e d a y s . H ow ever, a t th e p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n e d u c a t i o n had become v e r y much s e c u l a r i z e d , an d e v e n i n te m p le i n s t i t u t e s o f t h i s p e r i o d s u b j e c t m a t t e r had become n o n - r e l i g i o u s . T h is c h a n g in g phenom enon was l a r g e l y due t o th e g e n e r a l a w ak e n in g o f th e p u b l i c . I n b r i e f , among th e num ber o f T e r a k o y a s , a s t h e f i f t h t a b l e i l l u s t r a t e s , common p e o p le e s t a b l i s h e d 4 1 7 4 , w h ic h i s 3 9 .8 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l ; S am u rai e s t a b l i s h e d 2 ,6 9 7 , w h ich i s 2 5 .7 5 p e r c e n t ; monks e s t a b l i s h e d 1 ,8 8 7 , w h ic h i s 1 8 .0 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s a t B u d d h is t te m p le s , a s t h e s i x t h t a b l e r e v e a l s , had f l o u r i s h e d 81 i n r u r a l c o m m u n itie s . T hough, a s I s t a t e d i n a p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r , th e above d a t a h ad b e e n t a k e n fro m A H i s t o r i c a l D a ta o f E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , i n w h ich t h e d a t a c o n c e r n in g th e s i x p r e f e c t u r e s i n c o u n tr y d i s t i r c t s a r e l a c k i n g . Then we p resum e a t l e a s t th e t o t a l num ber o f B u d d h is t T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s w i l l be m ore t h a n t h e above e s t i m a t i o n . I n b r i e f , T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n , w hich h ad r i s e n fro m C higo e d u c a t i o n , h a s now p a s s e d i n t o t h e h a n d s o f common p e o p l e . B ut i t s t i l l p o s s e s s e d a good d e a l m ore o f r e l i g i o u s a tm o s p h e re t h a n i s fo u n d i n t h e o r d i n a r y p r im a r y s c h o o l o f th e p r e s e n t d a y . As I s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , th e p r im a ry m o tiv e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f T e ra k o y a s h a d b e e n to u s e them a s a m eans o f a b r i d g e t o r e l i g i o u s l i f e . S i m i l a r l y , J i t s u g o k y o and D o.iikyo o r t h o s e t e x t books w r i t t e n b e f o r e th e K e ich o e r a (1 61 4) by t h e m onks, c o n t a i n e d l a r g e l y th e t h i n g s o f r e l i g i o n . From t h e ab o v e f a c t s we c a n ju d g e t h a t t h e u s e o f T e ra k o y a i n s t i t u t e s was l a r g e l y i n r e s p o n s e to th e h o ly m o tiv e o f B u d d h is t m onks an d t h e r e s u l t s o f r e l i g i o u s d e v o t i o n . Even i n th e / p e r i o d when t h o s e t e x t b o o k s u s e d i n te m p le s w ere t o t a l l y n o n - r e l i g i o u s , monks a d a p te d S u t r a s and p u p i l s w ere t r e a t e d g e n e r a l l y a s i f t h e y w e re d i s c i p l e s o f B uddha. T hese te m p le s had b e e n th e c e n t e r o f r e l i g i o u s l i f e and monks w ere e d u c a t o r s f o r m em bers o f e a c h f a m i l y . E s p e c i a l l y a f t e r t h e i n t e r d i c t o r y A ct was i s s u e d by Tokûgawa S h o g u n a te g o v e rn m e n t, monks r e c e i v e d th e t a s k o f c e n s u s - t a k i n g i n o u r m odern s e n s e , and th e y becam e t h e k e e p e r s o f e a c h f a m i l y 82 r e c o r d i n w hich d e a t h s a s w e l l a s b i r t h s w ere r e c o r d e d . From t h e abo ve f a c t s , we c a n c o n c lu d e t h a t B u d d h is t monks m a i n t a i n e d i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s w ith th e p e o p l e , b o th s o c i a l l y a s w e l l a s r e l i g i o u s l y , and a lw a y s p la y e d a n i m p o r ta n t r o l e i n th e s o c i a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o m m u n itie s . 83 CHAPTER T I THE PERIOD OF THE RISE OF THE SUNDAY SCHOOL THE PROCLAMATION OF AN EDUCATIONAL . SYSTEM A t th e r e s t o r a t i o n o f M e i j i E r a , u n d e r th e new s y s te m o f g o v e rn m e n t, man^^ b r a n c h e s o f g o v e rn m e n t w ere m o d e lle d a f t e r E u ro p e a n s y s te m s . I n t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n , s c h o o l s w h ic h t a u g h t th e D u tc h , G erm an,and E n g l i s h la n g u a g e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e c e n t r a l , g o v e rn m e n t. A t t h i s same tim e n um erous p r i v a t e s c h o o l s o f th e same n a t u r e w ere b u i l t , and t h a t d e s t r o y e d u n i f o r m i t y i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s tem o f t h a t p e r i o d . I n 1871 th e B oard o f E d u c a ti o n was e s t a b l i s h e d . I n Au g u s t o f t h e n e x t y e a r , a p r o c l a m a t io n o f a n e d u c a t i o n a l s y s tem w h ich p r o v id e d f o r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and th e d i v i s i o n o f e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t o U n i v e r s i t y , H ig h S c h o o l, and E le m e n ta ry S c h o o l, and w hich f i x e d t h e age o f s i x a s t h e e n t r a n c e age a t w hich e v e r y one was c o m p e lle d t o a t t e n d t h e s c h o o l , was m ade. The T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n , a s h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n th e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r , r e a c h e d i t s h e i g h t i n Tenpo (1 8 4 3 ) , and i n th e M e i ji E r a n um erous T e ra k o y a s w ere s t i l l m a i n t a i n e d . U nder t h e new g o v e rn m e n t o f M e i j i , T e ra k o y a s w ere t o be d e s t r o y e d , y e t many o f them c o n t i n u e d , f o s t e r e d by B u d d h is t T em p les, and a g r e a t num ber o f them e x i s t e d f o r a lo n g tim e i n s p i t e o f t h e p r o c l a m a t i o n . Some o f t h e T e ra k o y a s a t t h a t tim e a d o p te d e q u ip m e n t, su c h a s t e x t b o o k s a n d c h a r t s u s e d by r e g u l a r s c h o o l s , and t h e name o f T e ra k o y a was 84 c h a n g e d t o **Bango^ S h i r I t s u Gakko " ( p r i v a t e s c h o o l ) , and th e B oard o f E d u c a tio n g a v e e x a m in a tio n s o r aw ard ed p r i z e s i n o r d e r t o e n c o u ra g e good s c h o l a r s h i p t o t h e p u p i l s o f T e ra k o y a s a s w e l l a s t h o s e o f r e g u l a r s c h o o l s . The B oard o f E d u c a tio n d id n o t a t t e m p t t o r e g u l a t e s c h o o l s to o s t r i c t l y , b u t r a t h e r i t l e f t T e ra k o y a s i n t a c t a s f a r a s t h e m a s t e r s and t h e i r e x e m p la ry m eth o d s o f t e a c h i n g w ere c o n c e r n e d , and f o s t e r e d them a s new p r i v a t e s c h o o l s , a n d t h i s p ro v e d t o be t h e b e s t p o l i c y . I n th e t e n t h o f M e i j i ( 1 8 7 7 ) , t h e r e w ere m ore t h a n s e v e n ty Bango Gakkos b e s i d e s m ore t h a n tw o h u n d re d Bang a i Gakkos ( p r i v a t e s c h o o l s ) , and t h e i r t o t a l o f m ore t h a n t h r e e h u n d re d s c h o o l s w ere t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e o ld tim e T e ra k o y a . Of c o u r s e , t h e e q u ip m e n t and b u i l d i n g s o f T e ra k o y a w ere n o t a s e l a b o r a t e a s t h o s e o f p u b l i c s c h o o l s , b u t th e s c h o l a s t i c a b i l i t y o f th e c h i l d r e n was n o t i n f e r i o r , a n d i t was o n ly a f t e r 1 8 9 7 , t h e y e a r w hich was m ark ed a s t h e h e i g h t o f T e r a k o y a *s e d u c a t i o n , t h a t t h e y d e c l i n e d . What i s t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e p r o c e s s o f e d u c a t i o n , s e e n i n t h e r e l i g i o u s l i g h t ? The e d u c a t i o n o f N a ra and H e ia n w h ich was e n t r u s t e d t o th e Temple a lo n e was t h o r o u g h ly r e l i g i o u s i n n a t u r e . Though t h e T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n was h an d ed o v e r t o S am u rai and t o t h e common p e o p l e , and g r e a t l y s e c u l a r i z e d i n t h e Edo p e r i o d , s t i l l r e l i g i o u s i n f l u e n c e was a p p a r e n t a s shown i n t h e f a c t s t h a t th e t e x t b o o k s w ere a l t o g e t h e r r e l i g i o u s i n t o n e , t h a t th e t e a c h i n g , was c o n d u c te d i n t h e T em ple, a n d t h a t th e monks w ere t h e t e a c h e r s . B ut t h e ^The s c h o o l s w ere i n d i c a t e d by n u m b e rs. 85 P r o c l a m a t i o n o f an e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m s e p a r a t e d th e r e l i g i o u s and t h e e d u c a t i o n a l e le m e n ts a l t o g e t h e r , an d t h e B o ard o f Edu c a t i o n s t r i c t l y p r o h i b i t e d r e l i g i o u s t e a c h i n g s i n s c h o o l s ; th u s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n was c u t o f f . T h en , B uddhism , s t i m u l a t e d by t h e P r o c la m a tio n and th e r a p i d g ro w th o f C h r i s t i a n i t y w h ich was f o s t e r e d by th e fre e d o m o f c o n s c ie n c e g r a n t e d by t h e new g o v e rn m e n t, b e g a n t o e s t a b l i s h Sunday s c h o o ls and c h i l d r e n ’ s m e e tin g s i n o r d e r t o m eet th e demand o f t h e e d u c a t i o n o f t h e young w h ich b ad f o r m e r l y b e e n m et b y T e r a k o y a s . THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY I n t h e f i f t e e n t h y e a r o f T ensho (1587) H id e y o s h i, t h e t y r a n t r u l i n g J a p a n a t t h a t t i m e , s t r i c t l y p r o h i b i t e d t h e p r o m u lg a tio n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y , and t h e f i r s t e v a n g e l i c a l a t te m p t by m i s s i o n a r i e s came t o n a u g h t. From t h a t tim e u n t i l t h e e r a o f M e i j i , C h r i s t i a n i t y was d r i v e n o u t o f t h e la n d o f J a p a n . The p o l i c y o f th e M e i j i g o v e rn m e n t was a l s o h o s t i l e t o th e new r e l i g i o n . But t h a t g o v e rn m e n t, w i t h th e v iew t o am ending u n f a v o r a b l e a s p e c t s i n th e m a t t e r o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s , and a l s o b e c a u s e o f p r o t e s t s by F ra n c e and th e U n ite d S t a t e s f o r t h e i l l t r e a t m e n t o f C h r i s t i a n s by th e g o v e rn m e n t, to o k a m ore f r i e n d l y a t t i t u d e to w a rd t h e new r e l i g i o n , and l i f t e d t h e i n t e r d i c t i o n a g a i n s t C h r i s t i a n i t y , and t h e e n v o y s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s w ere n o t i f i e d t o t h a t e f f e c t . T h a t was i n F e b r u a r y , 1 8 7 3 , a n d f o r th e f i r s t tim e 86 fre e d o m o f c o n s c ie n c e w as g r a n t e d . The s e c o n d e v a n g e l i c a l m e e tin g was a s p l e n d id s u c c e s s . Up u n t i l t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e M e i j i E r a , t h e c h u r c h e s w h ic h s e n t m i s s i o n a r i e s w ere A m e ric a n , E p is c o p a l, A m e ric an P r e s b y t e r i a n , A m erican D u tc h R efo rm ed , and A m erican B a p t i s t , and t h e i r m i s s i o n a r i e s num b e r e d a b o u t t e n . B ut i n th e s e c o n d y e a r o f M é i j i (1 8 6 9 ) t h e A m e ric an B o ard j o i n e d i n t h e i r r a n k . I n 1873 th e A m erican M e t h o d is t, E n g l i s h E v a n g e l i c a l B o a rd , th e Roman C a t h o l i c , •R u s sia n C re e k C a t h o l i c , a n d o t h e r s w ere a d d ed t o th e m is s i o n a r y f o r c e and i t was s a i d t h a t f i f t y - s i x p e rs o n s w ere u n d e r t h e A m e ric an M i s s i o n a r y B o a rd . I n 1877 t h e r e w ere ■ f- . ; f ' a b o u t a h u n d re d C h r i s t i a n m i s s i o n a r i e s i n J a p a n . T h u s, C h r i s t i a n i t y w hich was g iv e n r e l i g i o u s t o l e r a n c e , now e x te n d e d i t s a c t i v i t y t o e d u c a t i o n a l w o rk , b e l i e v i n g i t t o be a n e c e s s a r y m ethod o f p r o m u lg a tin g t h a t r e l i g i o n . I n 1 8 7 1 , h e a d e d by Yokohama K y o r i t s u G-akko, th e f o l lo w in g s c h o o l s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d . 1870 — Yokohama F e r r i s G i r l ’ s S c h o o l 1874 — — K yo to D o s h is h a U n i v e r s i t y 1877 — — - Tokyo M e i j i G akuin 1878 — — - Aoyama G ak u in A f t e r t h i s , th e num ber o f s c h o o l s i n c r e a s e d . At p r e s e n t t h e r e a r e s i x t y - t h r e e m id d le s c h o o l s , tw e n ty c o l l e g e s , and two u n i v e r s i t i e s . Now, a c c o r d i n g to t h e C h r i s t i a n Y e ar Book ( 1 9 3 0 ) , t h e r e a r e t w e n t y - t h r e e .d e n o m in a tio n s , one th o u s a n d f i v e h u n d re d a n d s e v e n t y - e i g h t c h u r c h e s , and a th o u s a n d and n in e h u n d re d f i f t y - two p a s t o r s ; and th e num ber o f c h i l d r e n i n th e Sunday S c h o o ls i s a h u n d re d and f i f t y - o n e t h o u s a n d , two h u n d re d and e i g h t e e n . 87 Suoli a s p l e n d i d C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n d id n o t come a b o u t w ith o u t g i v i n g im p e tu s t o an e f f o r t on th e p a r t o f B u d d h is t r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t o r s . THE RISE OF THE BUDDHIST SUNDAY SCHOOL F o r t e n y e a r s a f t e r t h e M e i j i R e v o lu t i o n , B uddhism was p e r s e c u t e d t h a t i t m ig h t be e x t i n g u i s h e d . But t h e t o r c h o f B uddhism b u rn e d t h e b r i g h t e r b e c a u s e o f p e r s e c u t i o n , f o r p e r s e c u t i o n d o e s n o t s t i f l e r e l i g i o u s z e a l b u t i t a c c e l e r a t e s i t s e f f e c t by o p p o s i t i o n . H ere i s a p a s s a g e w h ich i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p o i n t o f th e s t a t e m e n t . The R e s t o r a t i o n (1868) a c c o m p lis h e d t h e d o w n f a ll of t h e S h o g u n a te g o v e rn m e n t, b u t i t m ea n t m ore t h a n t h a t ; i t was a r e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f e v e r y t h i n g p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l , and m o ra l on p r i n c i p l e s w h ic h w ere q u i t e d i f f e r e n t fro m t h o s e t h a t h e l d t h e f e u d a l s y s te m t o g e t h e r . I t n a t u r a l l y b r o u g h t t h e e m a n c ip a tio n o f r e l i g i o n w hich h a d so lo n g b e e n u n d e r t h e p o l i t i c a l p r o t e c t i o n o f th e Tokugawa g o v e r n m e n t. T h is , h o w e v e r, p ro d u c e d a g r e a t c o n f u s i o n i n t h e r e l i g i o u s a f f a i r s o f t h e S t a t e , e s p e c i a l l y b e f o r e t h e R e s t o r a t i o n c o u ld f i r m l y s t a n d on i t s ovm f o o t i n g ; f o r i n t h e b e g in n in g o f th e M e i j i e r a p o l i c i e s w ere w a v e rin g * At l a s t , i n 1 8 8 4 , th e s e p a r a t i o n o f r e l i g i o n and th e S t a t e was e f f e c t e d , and i n 1890 th e p ro m u l g a t i o n o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a s s u r e d fre e d o m o f f a i t h . As B uddhism was now e n t i r e l y s e v e r e d fro m th e S t a t e and i t s p r o t e c t i o n , i t fo u n d i t s e l f i n q u i t e a f o r l o r n s i t u a t i o n . T h is was a g g r a v a te d a l l th e m ore b e c a u s e B uddhism was l e f t to i t s own r e s o u r c e s a s r e g a r d s t h e f i n a n c in g o f a l l i t s num erous te m p le s an d mon a s t e r i e s . I f B uddhism had had no v i t a l i t y and th e pow er t o a d a p t i t s e l f to th e c h a n g in g e n v i r o n m e n t, i t s end w ould h a v e b e en a f o r e g o n e con c l u s i o n i n t h o s e e a r l i e r d a y s o f M e i j i . Many B u d d h is ts w ere g l a d t o g e t t h i s r e l e a s e o r s e p a r a t i o n fro m th e g o v e rn m e n t, th o u g h th e 88 a t t i t u d e o f t h e l a t t e r was i n d i f f e r e n t and so m e tim e s a n t a g o n i s t i c . T h is was r e a l l y t h e tim e to a s s e r t th e s p i r i t u a l pow er o f th e f a i t h so f a r n o u r i s h e d a r t i f i c i a l l y . . The B u d d h is ts r o s e t o t h e o c c a s i o n .^ A f t e r 1877 many new m ovem ents w h ich aim ed to w a rd t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f B uddhism w ere i n a u g u r a t e d . A r e s u l t o f t h i s movement was S honen K y o k a i, th e C h i l d r e n ’ s A s s o c i a t i o n , w hich was th e p r e c u r s o r o f t h e B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o l. A bout 1880 a monk c a l l e d . S h i c h i r i K ojun o p en ed a Shonen Kwai on th e s e v e n t h d a y o f e a c h m on th and S h o jio K w ai, G i r l ’ s A s s o c ia t i o n , on t h e f o u r t h d a y of e a c h m onth i n th e tem p le- o f Mangyo- j i , H a k a ta , i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f Kushu> and t a u g h t t h e d o c t r i n e o f S h in S e c t t o t h e b o y s an d g i r l s i n a m an n er e a s y t o be u n d e r s t o o d . - He a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d a Young Men’ s B u d d h is t A sso c i a t i o n and a Young Women’ s B u d d h is t A s s o c i a t i o n . W ith S h i c h i r i K o ju a was a man c a l l e d Fukuda G io k a i who was p ro m in e n t i n B u d d h is t r e l i g i o u s w ork a s B ish o p o f t h e Jo d o S e c t* T h is man e s t a b l i s h e d a l s o th e C h i l d r e n ’ s A s s o c ia t i o n . G io k a i S h o n in and S h i c h i r i K oju n w ere t h e tw o g r e a t men i n t h e B u d d h is t c i r c l e o f M e i j i E ra who w ere t h e p i o n e e r s o f a new movement i n th e f i e l d o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n . D u rin g t h e y e a r s fro m 1822 t o 1 8 8 5 , th e c h i l d r e n ’s m e e t i n g s w ere s u b s e q u e n t l y b u i l t up i n H ag i o f Y am aguchi Ken, Tokyo ( H o n g a n ji) , and i n th e p r e f e c t u r e s o f H iro s h im a and N agano, and many o t h e r p l a c e s . I n H o n g a n ji Tem ple -in. T s u k i j i i n 1 8 8 6 , th e c h i l d r e n ’ s r e a d i n g book c a l l e d ’’O s h ie - ^The M ahayana B u d d h is ts and t h e i r work f o r c h i l d r e n , P . 3 7 . 89 G u s a ,” was p u b l i s h e d ; t h i s i s t h e o r i g i n o f th e c h i l d r e n ’ s m a g a z in e i n J a p a n . The l e s s o n i n Shonen K io k a i c o n s i s t e d o f a d o r a t i o n , s c r i p t u r e r e a d i n g , s e rm o n s , and a r e l i g i o u s s o n g . The m a t e r i a l s u s e d i n su c h s im p le serm o n s c o n s i s t e d o f th e L i f e o f B uddha, L iv e s o f F o u n d e r s , and s im p le d o c t r i n e s . The B u d d h is t so n g s a t t h a t tim e p u t m ore s t r e s s on th e b e a u ty o f th e w o rd s t h a n on th e m u s ic . From 1887 C h i l d r e n ’ s A sso c i a t i o n s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d th r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s o f e a c h s e c t . A bout 1 8 9 4 , t h e num ber o f a s s o c i a t i o n s i n c r e a s e d and t o g e t h e r w ith th e l i t e r a t u r e f o r c h i l d r e n th e s t o r i e s f o r c h i l d r e n w ere much u s e d i n Shonen K y o k a i. A bout 1907 th e name o f Shonen K y o k ai was c h an g ed t o Sunday S c h o o l, and i n D o k o rio ^ i n K yoto th e movement f o r t h e Sunday s c h o o l r e o r g a n i z a t i o n w as c a r r i e d o u t . As a r e s u l t , many o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f s i m i l a r n a t u r e w ere e s t a b l i s h e d o r r e f o r m e d , th u s f i r m l y b u i l d i n g f o u n d a t i o n f o r t o d a y ’ s Sunday s c h o o l s . The m o n th ly m a g a z in e i s s u e d by D o k o rio " N i c h i y o b i ” (S un day ) was a g u id e t o th o s e w o rk in g i n th e Sunday s c h o o l w o r ld . I n 1 9 1 1 , D r . T a k a k u su J u n j i r o f o r m u la te d a u n ifo r m l e s s o n , w h ich p ro v e d t o b e a g r e a t h e lp t o Sunday s c h o o l w o rk e rs i n th e a d v a n ce m e n t o f b e t t e r m eth o d s o f t e a c h i n g . ■ D u rin g th e e r a o f T a is h o , t h a t i s fro m 1912 t o 1 9 2 6 , Sunday s c h o o l w ork p r o g r e s s e d re m a r k a b ly b o th a s t o n u m bers and c o n t e n t s . I n 1915 i n S h in , H o n g a n ji i s s u e d t h e Sunday S c h o o l O r d in a n c e , and e v e r y s e c t e n d e a v o re d to m a i n t a i n Sunday S c h o o ls . ^ I n s t i t u t e o f S h in s e c t . 90 As a r e s u l t , th e i n s t i t u t i o n o f th e Sunday s c h o o l r e a c h e d f a r and w id e , and t h e n w ere im p ro v ed by m eans o f th e m aga z i n e s and l e c t u r e c o u r s e s . At l a s t th e g ra d e d l e s s o n s f o r S unday s c h o o l s w ere p e r f e c t e d and t h e d e p a r tm e n t f o r th e young men was e n r i c h e d . Thus t h e B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o l o r g a n i z a t i o n was e s t a b l i s h e d f o r th e m o st p a r t , THE GENERAL STATUS OF BUDDHIST SUNDAY SCHOOLS As s a i d b e f o r e , d u r in g th e E ra o f T a is h o (1 9 1 2 -1 9 2 6 ) th e num ber o f Sunday S c h o o ls i n c r e a s e d e n o rm o u s ly . I n th e y e a r 1 9 2 6 , a c c o r d i n g to t h e c e n s u s o f th e B oard o f E d u c a tio n , th e num ber i s g iv e n a s f i v e th o u s a n d and t h i r t y - f i v f e . B u d d h i s t Sunday S c h o o ls , s e v e n th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d s e v e n t e a c h e r s , and f o u r h u n d re d s i x t y - s i x th o u s a n d s e v e n h u n d re d t w e n ty - n i n e p u p i l s . By c l a s s i f y i n g t h e s e n u m bers a c c o r d in g t o d i f f e r e n t s e c t s , t h e f o l lo w in g r e s u l t i s o b t a i n e d . TABLE NO. 17 S e c t No. o f S .S . T e a c h e rs P u p i l s T e n d a i 65 241 6 ,8 6 8 S h in g o n 52 197 5 ,4 9 8 Jo d o 405 1 ,3 5 1 4 6 ,3 2 9 H in z a i 84 330 1 1 ,8 1 8 S o to 210 778 3 9 ,7 7 6 S h in (H o n g w an ji) 3 ,5 2 7 3 ,0 6 0 2 7 0 ,0 0 0 S h in ( O ta n i) 688 1 ,3 4 7 8 6 ,2 8 3 M i s c e lla n e o u s 4 3 157 T o t a l 5 ,0 3 5 7 ,3 0 7 4 6 6 ,7 2 9 * I n t h i s c h a r t , t h e num ber o f N i c h ir e n S e c t i s n o t i n c lu d e d . T h at s e c t i s e v e n l y m a tc h e d i n num ber w i t h S o to S e c t So i t may be s e e n t h a t a g r e a t d e a l i s o m itte d fro m ta b le * 91 A c c o rd in g to t h i s t a b l e , th e S h in S e c t (H o n g a n ji) r a n k s t h e f i r s t , f o llo w e d by S h in ( O ta n i) J o d o , an d S o to . From an e a r l y d a t e H o n g a n ji was aw akened to th e n e c e s s i t y o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n , and t h e Sunday S c h o o l O rd in a n c e o f 1915 f a c i l i t a t e d i t s a d v a n c e m e n t. S h in ( O t a n i ) , w h ic h i s th e b r o t h e r s e c t o f S h in ( H o n g e n ji) , g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d th e num ber o f i t s Sunday S c h o o ls , e n c o u ra g e d by t h e S u nday S c h o o l O rd in a n c e o f 1 9 1 5 . The J o d o , w h ich i s t h i r d i n r a n k , s t i m u l a t e d by a p i o n e e r l i k e Fukuda G io k a i, e a r l y s t a r t e d a g r e a t movement i n th e f i e l d o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y I w as u n a b le to p r o c u r e à t a b l e d e s c r i b i n g t h e e x a c t d a t a r e g a r d i n g S h in (H o n g w an ji) and S h in ( O ta n i) th e f i r s t and t h e se c o n d i n th e p r e c e d in g t a b l e , b u t I s h a l l show i n th e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e how th e t h i r d Jo d o S e c t w as e s t a b l i s h e d i n a c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r . TABLE NO. 18* Y e a r Number o f Sunday S c h o o ls B e fo re 1906 .................................10 1 9 0 6 -1 9 1 1 ..........................................................................13 1 9 1 2 -1 9 1 6 ................................... .4 4 1 9 1 7 -1 9 2 1 .................................................................. 161 1 9 2 2 -1 9 2 6 ................................ . . . . . . . 134 T o t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 * T h is t a b l e i s t a k e n on th e b a s i s o f t h r e e h u n d re d and s i x t y - t w o Sunday S c h o o ls w h ich r e g i s t e r e d t h e i r d a t e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t , o u t o f t h e t o t a l o f f o u r h u n d re d and f i v e . The p e r i o d s i n t h i s c h a r t a r e d i v i d e d i n f i v e y e a r s . 92 As s e e n i n t h e ab ove t a b l e , s c h o o ls o p en ed b e f o r e 1906 num bered o n ly t e n . B ut d u r i n g th e n e x t f i v e y e a r s , th e num b e r o f Sunday S c h o o ls i n c r e a s e d t o t h i r t e e n . T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n many d i s t r i c t s t h e movement f o r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n was g r e a t l y p o p u l a r i z e d . The n e x t f i v e y e a r s th e num ber l e a p e d t o m ore Lhan t h r e e t im e s t h a t o f th e p r e v i o u s p e r i o d a s shown by th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f o r t y - f o u r s c h o o l s . T h is c a n be c o n s i d e r e d a s i n d i c a t i v e o f th e g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o f t h e movement and a l s o a s t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n th e n e x t p e r i o d . I n t h e n e x t f i v e y e a r s , a h u n d re d and s i x t y - o n e Sunday S c h o o ls w ere e s t a b l i s h e d , w h ic h was f o u r t im e s t h e p r e v i o u s p e r i o d ’s r e c o r d s , and t h a t show s t h e g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o f th e 1915 Sunday S c h o o l O rd in a n c e upon th e m ovem ent. At t h i s tim e t h e m ovem ent was d i f f u s e d o v e r many d i s t r i c t s , a n d i t r e a c h e d i t s h e i g h t . I n t h e n e x t f i v e y e a r s t h e num ber o f Sunday S c h o o ls e s t a b l i s h e d was l e s s , b u t s t i l l t h e r e was a te n d e n c y to w a rd i n c r e a s e and e x p a n s io n i n s m a ll communi t i e s i n e v e r y d i s t r i c t . HOW ARE THEY ORGANIZED AND miNTAINED? P u p i l s . No q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a r e to be r e q u i r e d o f t h e Sunday S c h o o l p u p i l s . I n th e B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o ls , p u p i l s a r e g e n e r a l l y d i v id e d i n t o two c l a s s e s , r e g u l a r s and a s s o c i a t e s . The f o r m e r i n c l u d e s t h o s e who a r e s t i l l r e c e i v i n g p r im a ry e d u c a t i o n , and th e l a t t e r c o m p rise a l l who h a v e p a s s e d i t . The r e g u l a r p u p i l s a r e a g a i n s u b - d i v i d e d i n t o c l a s s e s . 93 E q u ip m e n t* T h is c o n s i s t s o f b u i l d i n g s , v a r i o u s i n s t r u m e n ts i n t h e c l a s s - r o o m , a r t i c l e s f o r th e o f f i c e , and a p l a y g ro u n d . F o r t h e Sunday S c h o o l b u i l d i n g s (1) a m a in h a l l w here r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s a r e t o be p e r f o r m e d , (2 ) c l a s s - r o o m s , and (3 ) a l i b r a r y a r e f u r n i s h e d . The m ain h a l l i s w here a s h r i n e f o r th e Buddha i s k e p t , an d h e r e a l l k i n d s o f r i t e s o r c e re m o n ie s t a k e p l a c e and l e c t u r e s o r serm o n s a r e g i v e n . To th e c l a s s - r o o m s , p a r t s o f th e m ain h a l l o r th e l i v i n g a p a r t m ent o f th e r e s i d e n t p r i e s t a r e d e v o ted ,. The l i b r a r y i s d e s ig n e d t o g iv e c h i l d r e n a t a s t e f o r r e a d i n g and a l s o i s u s e d a s a s u p p le m e n ta r y o rg a n t o th e r e g u l a r Sunday S c h o o l w o rk . I n s t r u m e n t s and a r t i c l e s n e e d e d f o r th e s c h o o l a r e m u s ic a l i n s t r u m e n t s , B u d d h is t s o n g - b o o k s , b l a c k b o a r d s , t a b l e s , p i c t u r e s , e t c . F o r t h e o f f i c e u s e , a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s , r o l l b o o k s , r e c o r d s , b a d g e s , a t t e n d a n c e c a r d s , b e l l s , w h i s t l e s , e t c . , a r e s u p p lie d # The m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t i s one t h a t i s m o st e s s e n t i a l to th e s c h o o l , a p ia n o o r o r g a n b e in g i n d i s p e n s a b l e . As t o a p l a y - g r o u n d , a B u d d h is t te m p le h a s g e n e r a l l y a l a r g e p ie c e o f g ro u n d a b o u t i t , an d i n many c a s e s i t i s s i t u a t e d some d i s t a n c e away fro m t h e d u s t y c i t y s t r e e t s . I t i s a lm o s t an i d e a l p l a c e f o r c h i l d r e n t o p l a y i n . The l o v e , r i g h t e o u s n e s s and s e l f - s a c r i f i c i n g s p i r i t a s p r a c t i c e d by Buddha a r e b e t t e r a b s o r b e d by t h e c h i l d r e n w h ile th e y a r e e n g a g e d i n p l a y w ith o t h e r s o f s i m i l a r a g e s . The te m p le g ro u n d s i n t h i s r e s p e c t a r e n o t w e l l f u r n i s h e d , and move m e n ts a r e g o in g on a t p r e s e n t to c o n v e r t them i n t o i d e a l l y 94 e q u ip p e d p l a y - g r o u n d s n o t o n ly f o r S unday S c h o o l p u p i l s b u t f o r g e n e r a l u s e . T e a c h in g M a t e r i a l s * Buddhism i s f u l l o f a p p r o p r i a t e m a t e r i a l s f o r Sunday S c h o o l w o rk , w h ich a r e d i r e c t , s i m p l e , and c o n c r e t e , w e l l a d a p te d t o t h e t a s t e and u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e c h il d * At p r e s e n t , th e B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o ls a r e p r o v id e d w ith t h e B u d d h is t S c r i p t u r e s , g e n e r a l and p a r t i c u l a r , h i s t o r y o f B uddhism , l i f e o f S h ak y am u n i, s t o r i e s o f h i s D is c i p l e s and th e f o u n d e r s o f th e v a r i o u s s e c t s o f B uddhism , s t o r i e s o f e m in e n t p r i e s t s , an d d e v o u t B u d d h i s t s , t h e J a t o k a t a l e s , p a r a b l e s and a n e c d o te s ta k e n fro m t h e S c r i p t u r e s * F o r m u s ic , we h a v e B u d d h is t h y m n a ls; f o r p l a y , v a r i o u s c a l i s t h e n i c s s y m b o liz in g t h e s o n g s . To c h i l d r e n below t e n y e a r s o f ag e a r e g iv e n th e J a t o k a t a l e s , p a r a b l e s , f a i r y - t a l e s , and s o n g s . To t h e o l d e r c h i l d r e n up t o t h o s e 14 y e a r s o f a g e , a r e g iv e n b i o g r a p h i e s o f a l l k i n d s , p a r a b l e s o f h i g h e r o r d e r , h i s t o r y o f Buddhism ,, an d B u d d h is t S c r i p t u r e s e a s y to g r a s p . T hose young p e o p le who a r e ab o v e 14 y e a r s , o ld eno u g h to be ’’a s s o c i a t e s , ’’ a r e t a u g h t th e h i s t o r y o f Bud d h ism , t h e S c r i p t u r e s , and p h i lo s o p h y . The m ak in g o f a c u r r i c u l u m i n B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o l made a g r e a t p r o g r e s s , t o g e t h e r w i t h th e r i s e o f t h e Sunday S c h o o ls . I n 1 9 1 1 , D r. T ak ak u su J u n j i r o made a U nifo rm L e s so n S y stem and o f f e r e d i t to Sunday S c h o o l w o r k e r s . L a t e r , H o n g a n ji c o m p le te d a G raded L e s s o n S y stem , and s u b s e q u e n t l y . 95 i n 1 9 2 7 , r e v i s e d i t , e n r i o M n g i t s c o n t e n t . The c u r r i c u l a a r e d i v i d e d i n t o s i x c l a s s e s : f i r s t , s e c o n d , t h i r d , f o u r t h , f i f t h a n d s i x t h g r a d e s , e a c h g ro u p u s i n g tw o h o o k s i n a y e a r . The c o n t e n t o f t h e c u r r i c u l a i s a s f o l l o w s : A. F i r s t G rade : B. Second G rade A- B. A. B. G. T h ir d G rade : D. F o u r t h G ra d e : E. F i f t h G rade : F . S i x t h G ra d e : A. B. A. B. A. B. A* B. (S im p le B u d d h is t t a l e s ^ ( a r r a n g e d t o p i c a l l y . ( S t o r i e s a r r a n g e d t o p i c a l l y Age 8 ( i n c l u d i n g The W ill o f (B uddha, The P r o t e c t i o n o f (B uddha, The M ercy o f B uddha, (The Wisdom o f B uddha, The ( L i f e B o a t, The C om pass, (S im p le S t o r i e s o f D evout ( B u d d h i s t s . ( E t h i c a l s t o r i e s e x p l a i n i n g ^ ( t h e i n c i d e n t s i n a c t u a l l i f e . ( S t o r i e s o f R e l i g i o u s H e r o e s . (Buddha a s a K ind G uide o r ( F r i e n d . ( L if e o f S h akyam uni. Age 10 (Xiife o f H e ro e s . (H e ro ic F o llo w e r s o f S h a k y ^ u n i ( J a t a k a T a le s w h ich show (B u d d h a ’ s W il l . Age 1 1 ( I n t r o d u c t i o n o f B uddhism ( i n t o J a p a n . ( S t o r i e s o f E m inen t P r i e s t s (an d D evout B u d d h i s t s . ( B i o g r a p h i e s o f a l l k i n d s . Age 12 ( P a r a b l e s o f h i g h e r o r d e r . ( H i s t o r y o f B uddhism . The t e x t - b o o k s f o r e a c h g r o u p c o n s i s t o f f o r t y l e s s o n s . The a b o v e c h a r t i s a n a t t e m p t t o sum m arize th e c o n t e n t s o f th e l e s s o n s b r i e f l y , and th e y a r e s i m i l a r t o t h e P la n o f 5 I n t e r n a t i o n a l G rad ed L e s s o n s . ^The B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o l t e x t book K an k o k ai p u b l i s h e d them i n 1927 i n K y o to . H. B e t t s , The C u r r ic u lu m o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n . p . 566 96 F o r young p e o p l e , a d i f f e r e n t k in d o f c u r r i c u l u m i s p u b l i s h e d . O u ts id e H o n g a n ji, e a c h d e n o m in a tio n p u b l i s h e s i t s own c u r r i c u lu m . I t i s th e one made s i n c e 1 920 , and comes u n d e r th e s y s te m o f t h e U n ifo rm L e s s o n s . The Jo de S unday S c h o o l p u b l i s h e d t h e g ro u p g r a d e d l e s s o n s f o r t h e f o u r 6 g r o u p s ; B e g in n e r , P rim a ry and J u n i o r , and S e n i o r . T hese l e s so n books a r e f o r t h e t e a c h e r ’s u s e , and a r e n o t t h e t e x t books f o r p u p i l s . The t e x t books f o r p u p i l s a r e n o t made y e t , b u t t h e r e i s a p l a n f o r th e p u b l i c a t i o n o f c u r r i c u l a c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o c l a s s e s and n o t a c c o r d in g t o t h e g r o u p s , s u c h a s i s u se d i n H o n g a n ji. The P rogram o f t h e D ay. G e n e r a l l y , th e p ro g ra m i s c a r r i e d on i n th e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r : (1) I n th e M ain H a l l : The b e l l r i n g s , and t h e p u p i l s e n t e r i n f i l e , p a y in g r e s p e c t to t h e B uddha, s i n g i n g h y m n a ls, p r a y e r i n s i l e n c e ( t h i s i s some t im e s r e p l a c e d by d o x o lo g y ) , and f i n a l l y , a m o ra l d i s c o u r s e b a s e d on a s c r i p t u r a l p a s s a g e , o r on a c u r r e n t t o p i c , by th e d i r e c t o r o r by th e h e a d m a s te r ; (2) I n t h e c l a s s room ; Led by t h e t e a c h e r i n c h ia rg e , p u p i l s e n t e r t h e r e s p e c t i v e ro o m s, e x p o s i t i o n o f th e s c r i p t u r e s ( o r a s t o r y fro m t h e J a t a k a t a l e s i n th e J u n i o r c l a s s ) , r e c r e a t i o n i n th e p la y g r o u n d , e x e r c i s e s i n s i n g i n g , f a i r y t a l e s o r d i s c o u r s e b a s e d on f a c t s , r o l l - c a l l and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c a rd s * When t h i s i s f i n i s h e d , p u p i l s a r e a l l t a k e n a g a i n i n t o th e M ain H a l l , , ®A11 o f t h e s e a r e p u b l i s h e d by t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e J o d o S e c t . 97 w h ere v a r i o u s r e p o r t s a r e r e a d and a l s o some a d v i c e i s g i v e n , and f i n a l l y a c h o ru s e n d s t h e o r d e r o f t h e d a y . O f f i c i a l s and F i n a n c e . The s c h o o l o f f i c i a l s a r e : d i r e c t o r , t e a c h e r s , a n d c l e r k s T h e d i r e c t o r i s so m e tim es t h e o r g a n i z e r h i m s e l f , o r an a p p o in t e d o n e . G e n e r a l l y , t h e f o r m er i s m ore f r e q u e n t . F o r t e a c h e r s , t h r e e k i n d s a r e n e e d e d : (1 ) a t e a c h e r i n g e n e r a l c h a r g e o f t h e s c h o o l ; (2 ) c l a s s room t e a c h e r ; and (3 ) m u sic t e a c h e r s . The h e a d t e a c h e r a s s i s t s th e d i r e c t o r i n t h e m anagem ent o f t h e s c h o o l . He i s i n many c a s e s t h e e l d e s t d i s c i p l e o f t h e r e s i d e n t p r i e s t o f t h e te m p le w h ere th e s c h o o l i s o r one who i s s p e c i a l l y c a p a b le o f c o n d u c tin g su c h a sc h o o l* F o r c l e r i c a l w o rk , s e v e r a l p e o p le w i l l be n e e d e d i f t h e s c h o o l i s l a r g e and r i c h l y e n dow ed, b u t s u c h a r e r a t h e r r a r e . F r e q u e n t l y one p e r s o n i s made to be d i r e c t o r and t e a c h e r , a s w e l l a s c l e r k . The p r e s e n t g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n i s : (1 ) The Sunday S c h o o l t e a c h e r s m u tu a l ly h e lp w h e n e v e r t h i s i s n e c e s s a r y ; (2) A s s i s t a n t s a r e o f t e n r e c r u i t e d fro m among th e te m p le s u p p o r t e r s ( d a n t o ) , who a r e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s s o r t o f w ork; o r (3) su c h a r e i n some i n s t a n c e s fo u n d i n th e s c h o o l a s s o c i a t e s . A l l t h e e x p e n s e s i n c i d e n t to t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e Sun day S c h o o l w ork a r e d e f r a y e d by th e te m p le o r ’’Kyokway” i t s e l f , and no f e e s a r e c h a r g e d e x c e p t on s u c h s p e c i a l o c c a s i o n s a s an e x c u r s io n * I t i s a g a i n s t th e p r i n c i p l e o f s p i r i t u a l e d u c a t i o n to e x p e c t a m a t e r i a l c o m p e n s a tio n f o r w hat i s g iv e n w ith s e n s e o f g r a t i t u d e to th e g r e a t m a s te r 98 o f th e w o r ld . B e s i d e s , th e te m p le i s s u p p o r t e d by th e f r e e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f i t s f o l l o w e r s . When, h o w e v e r, th e l a t t e r o r th e s c h o o l a s s o c i a t e s a r e w i l l i n g do d o n a te t h e f u n d s , th e m an a g er h a s no r e a s o n t o r e f u s e t h e i r g e n e r o s i t y . Som etim es th e c e n t r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e S e o t , a c t i n g a s g e n e r a l su p e r v i s o r , c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e m a in te n a n c e o f t h e s c h o o l by th e way of e n c o u r a g in g t h e w o rk , b u t t h i s i s r a t h e r r a r e . V a r io u s f i x e d e v e n t s o f t h e y e a r and o t h e r g a t h e r i n g s o f s p e c i a l n a t u r e # T h e re a r e v a r i o u s s e r v i c e s i n t h e c o u r s e o f a y e a r t o be r e g u l a r l y h e l d f o r th e B u d d h is t S unday S c h o o ls t h a t g iv e o c c a s i o n f o r j o i n t a c t i v i t i e s among t h e v a r i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n s b e lo n g in g to th e d i f f e r e n t d e n o m in a tio n s o f Bud d h ism , and a t th e same tim e h e lp t o a c c e n t u a t e t h e B u d d h is t s p i r i t an d i d e a l s i n c u l c a t e d i n t o t h e young m in d s i n t h e c l a s s room s o f th e Sunday S c h o o l. The m ost i m p o r ta n t e v e n t o f th e y e a r i s th e f l o w e r f e s t i v a l , ’’H a n a m a ts u ri, ” on t h e d ay o f t h e b i r t h o f B uddha. N ex t come c e l e b r a t i o n s o f th e f o u n d e r s ’ d a y s , H ig a n y e , Uram- b o n (B u d d h is t A l l S o u l s ’ D a y ), N ir v a n a , C om m em oration, En l i g h t e n m e n t D ay, New Y e a r ’s D ay, and o t h e r m in o r s e r v i c e s . As s p e c i a l e v e n t s , we h a v e e x c u r s i o n s , m e m o ria l c e l e b r a t i o n s , s p r i n g a n d autum n g e n e r a l m e e ti n g s , summer c o l o n i z a t i o n 7 (ca m p ), e x c h a n g e o f p u p i l s , e t c . * ^ The M ahayanâ B u d d h is ts a n d t h e i r Work f o r C h i l d r e n . 99 THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF SUNDAY SCHOOLS AND THE NUMBER OF TEMPLES A t th e m id d le o f t h e M e i j i E ra (1912) th e B u d d h is t Sun d a y S c h o o ls w h ich made re m a rk a b le p r o g r e s s , i n c r e a s e d e v e ry y e a r t h e num ber o f Sunday S c h o o ls . A c c o rd in g t o th e c e n s u s made by t h e B oard o f E d u c a tio n i n 1926 1 , t h e r e w ere f i v e th o u s a n d an d t h i r t y - f i v e S unday S c h o o ls . Of c o u r s e , i n t h i s c e n s u s t h e num ber o f N i c h i r e n Sunday S c h o o ls i s n o t i n c lu d e d b u t e v e n th e i n c l u s i o n o f t h a t s e c t w i l l n o t be m ore t h a n f i v e th o u s a n d f i v e h u n d r e d . The num ber o f Sunday S c h o o ls , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t a b l e shown on page f i f t y of t h e M ahoyana B u d d h is t and T h e i r Work f o r C h i ld r e n i s a s f o l l o w s : TABLE NO. 19 D i r e c t i o n I n c o n n e c ti o n w i t h te m p le s o r p r e a c h i n g s t a t i o n s I n d e - . p 'e n d è h tlÿ O rg an i z e d Tejach-r. e r s Pu p i l s U nder d i r e c t m anagem ent o f d i f f e r e n t s e c t s 10 8 94 3 ,6 9 0 M anaged by te m p le s o r o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s 6 ,7 8 4 6 1 8 ,4 8 0 7 6 9 ,0 5 4 I n d i v i d u a l u n d e r t a k i n g s 86 34 176 1 5 ,4 0 2 T o t a l 6 ,8 8 0 48 1 8 ,7 5 0 7 8 8 ,1 4 6 T h is t a b l e was made i n 1 9 2 0 , s i x y e a r s p r e v i o u s to th e c e n s u s shown i n T ab le 1 7 . The d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e num ber; o f 100 ite m s i n t h e s e t a b l e s i s r e m a r k a b l e . T h e re i s a d i f f e r e n c e o f one th o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d re d a n d n i n e t y - t h r e e Sunday S c h o o ls ; th e num ber o f t e a c h e r s i s more t h a n d o u b le d , e l e v e n th o u sa n d f o u r h u n d re d f o r t y - t h r e e ; th e num ber o f p u p i l s d o u b le d , t h r e e h u n d re d tw e n ty -o n e t h o u s a n d , f o u r h u n d re d and s e v e n t e e n . TABLE NO. 20 D i r e c t i o n Number o f S. S . T e a c h e r s P u p i l s T a b le 17 (1926) 5 ,0 3 5 7 ,3 0 7 4 6 6 ,7 2 9 T a b le 19 (1920 ) 6 ,9 2 8 1 8 ,7 5 0 7 8 8 ,1 4 6 D i f f e r e n c e s 1 ,8 9 3 1 1 ,4 4 3 3 2 1 ,4 1 7 C o n s id e r in g th e a p p ro x im a te d i f f e r e n c e i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t , i n T a b le No. 1 9 , th e r e p o r t m u st h a v e b e e n made by e v e r y s e c t . T h is c a u s e d in a c c u r a c y i n t h e t a b l e , ow ing t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h o s e n o t e x i s t i n g w ere i n c l u d e d . On th e o t h e r h a n d , th e r e p o r t s h o u ld be i n t e r p r e t e d n o t a s a n i n a c c u r a c y b u t due t o th e c e r t a i n r a p i d i n c r e a s e show n i n T a b le No. 1 8 . fro m 1917 t o 1921 th e i n c r e a s e i n t h e num ber o f Sunday S c h o o ls r e a c h e d i t s h i g h e s t p o i n t . S in c e T a b le No. 19 was made i n 1 9 2 0 , t h e y e a r of t h e g r e a t e s t g ro w th o f Sunday S c h o o ls , t h e c h a r t m u st be b u i l t on a d i f f e r e n t l e v e l fro m T a b le No. 1 8 . And i t i s n o t r e a s o n a b l e t o c o n s i d e r T a b le No. 17 a s t h e one w h ic h r e p r e s e n t s t h e num ber o f Sunday S c h o o ls a f t e r th o s e w i t h an e p h e m e ra l e x i s t e n c e w ere c u t o f f . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e c e n t r e c o r d . T a b le No. 1 7 , i s m o re a c c u r a t e 101 t h a n T a b le No. 1 9 . N e x t, I s h a l l com pare t h e num ber o f th e B u d d h is t te m p le s and Sunday S c h o o ls i n J a p a n . A c c o r d in g t o th e Bud d h i s t Y e ar Book o f 1 9 3 0 , t h e num ber o f B u d d h is t te m p le s i s s e v e n ty - o n e th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d re d a n d t w e n t y - n i n e , and t h a t o f th e monks a p p o in t e d t o t h o s e te m p le s was f i f t y - f o u r th o u s a n d s i x h u n d re d and f i f t y . Now, c l a s s i f y i n g t h e tem p le and t h e Sunday S c h o o l a c c o r d in g to d i f f e r e n t s e c t s , t h e f o l lo w in g t a b l e i s o b t a i n e d . TABLE NO. 21 S e c t No. o f te m p le s No. o f S. S. P e r c e n ta g e T e n d a i 4 ,5 1 1 ' 65 1 .4 4 S h in g o n 1 2 j 112 52 0 .4 3 Jodo 8 ,3 1 3 405 ,4 .8 6 R i n z a i 5 ,9 7 8 84 1 .4 0 S o to 1 4 ,7 4 0 210 1 .4 2 1 9 ,6 8 7 4 ,2 1 5 2 1 .4 2 N i c h i r e n 5 ,0 2 3 Unknown M i s c e ll a n e o u s 965 4 0 .4 1 T o t a l 7 1 ,3 2 9 5 ,0 3 5 7 .0 5 As show n i n th e ab o v e t a b l e . t h e S h in s e c t w h ich i n - e l u d e s b o th H o n g a n ji a n d O t a n i , h a s n i n e t e e n th o u s a n d s i x h u n d re d e i g h t y - s e v e n te m p le s a n d f o u r th o u s a n d two h u n d re d 102 an d f i f t e e n Sunday S c h o o ls , and t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e Sun d a y S c h o o ls t o t h e te m p le s i s 2 1 .4 2 p e r cen%^ ^ h i c h o c c u p i e s t h e f i r s t r a n k i n t h i s t a b l e . S e c o n d , t h e Jo d o S e c t h a s e i g h t th o u s a n d t h r e e h u n d r e d and t h i r t e e n te m p le s an d f o u r h u n d re d and f i v e S unday S c h o o ls , and t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f th e l a t t e r o v e r th e fo rm e r i s 4 .8 5 p e r c e n t . T h ir d , i n th e T e n d a i S e c t th e num ber o f Sunday S c h o o ls i s s i x t y - f i v e a g a i n s t th e num ber o f f o u r th o u s a n d f i v e h u n d re d an d e l e v e n , and i t s p e r c e n t a g e i s 1 .4 4 p e r c e n t . F o u r t h , i n t h e S o to S e c t , t h e num ber o f Sunday s c h o o l s i s two h u n d re d a n d t e n o v e r a g a i n s t f o u r t e e n th o u s a n d s e v e n h u n d re d and f o r t y t e m p l e s , and i t s p e r c e n t a g e i s 1 .4 2 p e r c e n t . A l l t h e s e c t s i n t h e above t a b l e fo rm 7 .0 5 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l num ber o f t h e Sunday S c h o o ls i n th e t a b l e . The S h in S e c t , e a r l y aw akened to t h e n e e d s o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n , s u r p a s s e s o t h e r s e c t s i n th e num ber o f t h e i r Sunday S c h o o ls w h ic h i s tw e n ty - o n e p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . At t h e same t im e , i t m ust be s a i d t h a t th e t a b l e i n d i c a t e s a l s o th e f a c t t h a t B uddhism h a s n o t made g r e a t p r o g r e s s i n th e new r e l i g i o u s f i e l d a s a w h o le , a s i n d i c a t e d by th e f a c t t h a t o n ly 7 .0 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l num ber o f t h e te m p le s i s d e v o te d to t h e u s e o f Sunday S c h o o ls . S p e a k in g m ore p r e c i s e l y , 9 2 .9 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l num ber o f te m p le s h a s n o t b u i l t t h e S unday S c h o o l, and s u c h c o n d i t i o n s i n d i c a t e how th e B u d d h is t r e l i g i o n h a s n e g l e c t e d c h i l d e d u c a t i o n . B ut i t i s n o t a l t o g e t h e r a h o p e l e s s c a s e , f o r , a s s t a t e d b e f o r e , t h e movement f o r S unday S c h o o ls had g r a d u a l l y g a in e d 103 f o o t h o l d e v e ry y e a r an d was e n r i c h e d b o t h i n num ber and q u a l i t y . T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n a m ark ed p r o g r e s s s i n c e 1925 i n t h a t f i e l d . GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF BUDDHISM I h a v e a l r e a d y s t a t e d t h a t i n th e Edo E ra e a c h s e c t e s t a b l i s h e d a c e n t e r w h ich f o s t e r e d i t s d o c t r i n e , p h i l o s o p h y , and n e c e s s a r y i n s t r u c t i o n f o r p r i e s t h o o d . U nder t h e new e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m o f t h e M e i j i g o v e rn m e n t, e a c h s e c t r e v o l u t i o n i z e d i t s e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t h e t r a i n i n g o f t e a c h e r s and p r i e s t s . B e s id e s t h e s e , many M id d le S c h o o ls and G i r l s ’ H igh S c h o o ls , b a s e d on e a c h c r e e d , w ere e s t a b l i s h e d i n e a c h s e c t f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c ; and made one o f t h e m e th o d s o f p o p u l a r e d u c a t i o n . Now, a c c o r d in g t o t h e 1930 B u d d h is t Y e a r Book, th e num ber o f th e s c h o o l s b u i l t by B u d d h is ts i s a s f o l l o w s : S c h o o ls T e a c h e rs S t u d e n ts B o y s ’ and G i r l s ’ M id d le S c h o o ls _ 53 1364 2 5 ,6 1 9 s 15 569 2 ,9 4 7 U n i v e r s i t i e s 6 465 2 .1 5 6 T o t a l 74 2 ,3 9 8 3 0 ,7 2 2 Y .M .B .A . a n d Y .W .B.A . A s id e fro m t h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s d i s c u s s e d th u s f a r , o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s w h ich aim f o r r e l i g i o u s r e s e a r c h and c u l t u r e w ere th e Y .M .B .A . and th e Y .W .B .A . T h e re w e re . 1 0 4 h o w e v e r, fro m a n e a r l y d a t e , many o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i t h s i m i l a r o b j e c t i v e s a s th e and Y .W .B.A . e x i s t i n g i n s e v e r a l p l a c e s , t o p ro m o te r e l i g i o u s f e r v o r among th e b e l i e v e r s . As we o b s e r v e d b e f o r e , men s u c h a s S h i c h i r i K o ju n h a d a l r e a d y o r g a n i z e d s i m i l a r g a t h e r i n g s , and had b een r e c o g n i z e d a s l e a d e r s . B u t t h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w ere m a in ly e s t a b l i s h e d i n th e te m p le s i n some p r o v i n c e s , a n d m et p r i m a r i l y th e n e e d s o f th e young men an d t h e women i n t h e c o u n t r y . B u t, s i n c e a b o u t 1 9 1 5 , e v e n among th e c o l l e g e s and th e u n i v e r s i t i e s i n l a r g e c i t i e s , s u c h a s T okyo, K y o to , O sak a , F u k u o k a, and Nag a s a k i , th e sam e k in d o f i n s t i t u t i o n s r o s e r a p i d l y . N ot o n ly i n t h e r e l i g i o u s u n i v e r s i t i e s i n Tokyo, b u t a l s o i n su c h s e c u l a r i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g a s t h e I m p e r i a l , W aseda, K e i t o , and M e i ji U n i v e r s i t i e s , and s e v e r a l o t h e r s , Y .M .B .A . w ere e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n , and e n jo y e d t h e e n r o l l m e n t o f l a r g e m em b ersh ip s among t h e i r r a n k and f i l e . Of c o u r s e , t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e c o n s t i t u t e d by B u d d h is ts th e m s e lv e s o r t h o s e who a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h a t r e l i g i o n , o r t h o s e who a r e s e e k in g t h a t r e l i g i o n . The a c t i v i t i e s o f Y .M .B .A . a r e s i m i l a r to t h o s e o f Y .M .C.A . I m a i n t a i n t h a t th e f o r m e r owes t o t h e l a t t e r a g r e a t d e a l o f s u g g e s t i o n a s t o th e m anner o f i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n , b u t t h e r e a r e p o i n t s a l t o g e t h e r d i s s i m i l a r i n th e tw o . We m ust a d m it t h a t i n t h e Y ^ M .G .A .p h y sic a l e d u c a t i o n and s o c i a l f u n c t i o n s a r e g r e a t l y e m p h a s iz e d , w h e re a s i n Y .M .B .A . p h i l o s o p h i c a l and s c h o l a s t i c p u r s u i t s a r e t h e c h i e f a t t r a c t i o n . I n Y .M .B .A . t h e r e a r e p r o v i s i o n s f o r t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s . 105 l e c t u r e m e e ti n g s , and ”Z a d a n - k a l , ” e m p lo y in g many l e a d e r s f o r p e r p e t u a l s t u d y . THE RISE OF BUDDHIST HYMNALS Hyinnals a r e c l o s e l y c o n n e c te d w i t h r e l i g i o n . I n Budd h ism h y m n als w ere e a r l y em p loyed i n s e r v i c e s , and t h o s e r e l i g i o u s so n g s w ere c l o s e l y c o n n e c te d w i t h r i t u a l s , a lt h o u g h t h e y w ere n o t v e ry n um erous and t h e i r w o rd s an d t u n e s w ere r a t h e r s i m p le . B ut w i t h th e r i s e o f Sunday S c h o o ls , O c c i d e n t a l m u sic came i n t o J a p a n e s e l i f e , a n d B uddhism w i t h i t s i n c r e a s e o f Sunday S c h o o ls b e g a n t o em ploy O c c i d e n ta l m u sic i n i t s s e r v i c e s an d r i t u a l s , m ore and m o re. E ach s e c t e n d e a v o re d t o c r e a t e i t s own h y m n als fro m tim e t o tim e ; b u t t h e r e w as no a t t e m p t f o r t h e u n i f i c a t i o n o f t h o s e h y m n als f o r a n o n * - s e c ta r ia n u s e u n t i l i n 1925 when u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f th e B oard o f E d u c a ti o n su c h hym nals w ere c r e a t e d , a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g th e a u t h o r i t i e s i n th e m u s ic a l f i e l d a l l o v e r th e n a t i o n . Now t h e new h y m n als p ro v e d t o be g r e a t i n s t r u m e n t s f o r b r i n g i n g t h e h e a r t s o f w o r s h ip p e r s t o t h e o b j e c t o f w o r s h ip . 106 CHAPTER V II CONCLUSION Now I h a v e d i s c u s s e d , i n t h e p r e c e d i n g s i x c h a p t e r s , th e c o n d i t i o n o f c h i l d e d u c a t i o n i n B uddhism h i s t o r i c a l l y . S um m arizing t h e a b o v e , th e f o l l o w i n g f o u r d i v i s i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d a c c o r d i n g to th e p e r i o d and th e fo rm o f e d u c a t i o n . 1 . T h e re was t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n o f th e e a r l y Budd h ism , w hich was g iv e n t h r o u g h th e f a m i l y l i f e a s i t s c e n t e r . 2 . Came t h e p e r i o d o f th e C higo e d u c a t i o n o f N a ra , H e ia n , K am akura, an d M urom ochi (7 0 9 -1 6 0 2 A .D .) i n w h ich a l l e d u c a t i o n w as g i v e n i n t e m p l e s . 3 . T h ere was th e p e r i o d of T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n i n w hich e d u c a t i o n was g r e a t l y s e c u l a r i z e d ow ing to th e f a c t t h a t much t e a c h i n g w as done by th e common p e o p l e . 4 . T h e re was t h e Sunday S c h o o l P e r io d a s t h e r e s u l t o f t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s e le m e n ts fro m e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d t h e r i s e o f B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o ls s tim u l a t e d by C h r i s t i a n i t y . RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE EARLY PERIOD As d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p te r I , B uddhism i n t h e e a r l y p e r i o d was i n t r o d u c e d to t h e I m p e r i a l h o u s e h o ld and t h e c o u r t i e r s , and i t s n a t u r e was o f s c h o l a s t i c b e n d . T em ples w ere b u i l t a s s t u d y i n g p l a c e s ; and i n th e u p p e r c l a s s e s c u l t u r e and th o u g h t s p r a n g up fro m t h e t e m p l e s , and t h e y c o n d u c te d a X07 s t r i c t r e l i g i o u s l i f e . Such a s t a t e o f a f f a i r s g a v e th e common p e o p le a s t r o n g a d m i r a t i o n f o r B uddhism , and e a c h f a m i ly g r a d u a l l y a d o p te d B uddhism an d i t s t h o u g h t . I n due tim e te m p le s w ere o p e n ed t o th e p e o p le a t l a r g e , a n d t h e y came to th e te m p le s t o g e t h e r , l i s t e n e d an d r e j o i c e d i n th e t e a c h i n g , and made i t t h e i r r e l i g i o n . Thus t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n f o r th e a d u l t a t l a r g e came i n t o e x i s t e n c e , a lt h o u g h w i t h o u t a n y d e f i n i t e f o rm . B ut no a c c o u n t o f t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n o f t h e i r young w as t a k e n ; r a t h e r we m ust a d m it t h a t t h e r e was n o n e . S p e a k in g o f th e g e n e r a l s y s te m o f e d u c a t i o n f o r c h i l d r e n , t h e r e w ere no e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s t h o s e d e v e lo p e d l a t e r . T hose c h i l d r e n l i v e d among t h e B u d d h is t a tm o s p h e re o f t h e i r p a r e n t s and im b ib e d B uddhism u n c o n s c i o u s l y . B ut t h i s f i r s t p e r i o d had a s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e u p o n t h e l i v e s o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e i r r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n . The f a m i ly e d u c a t i o n , we m ust a d m it, i s a s tr o n g f a c t o r i n m o u ld in g p e r s o n a l i t y . THE PERIOD OF THE CHIGO EDUCATION T h ro u g h o u t th e h i s t o r y of B uddhism i n J a p a n , t h i s p e r i o d was c o n s i d e r e d t o h av e r e a c h e d i t s h e i g h t i n th e f i e l d s o f a r t , a r c h i t e c t u r e , an d l i t e r a t u r e . I n t h e s p h e r e o f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n a l s o , i n t h i s p e r i o d , i t r e a c h e d t h e p o i n t o f p e r f e c t i o n . C h r o n o l o g i c a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h i s p e r i o d c o v e r e d t h e f o u r p e r i o d s o f n i n e h u n d re d y e a r s o f N ara ( 7 1 0 - 7 8 4 ) , H e ia n { 7 8 5 -1 1 9 1 } , K am akura (1 1 9 2 -1 3 9 3 ), and M urom achi ( 1 3 9 4 -1 6 0 2 ), and t h i s f a c t show s t h a t C higo e d u c a t i o n was 1 0 8 i n f l u e n t i a l i n t h o r o u g h ly m o u ld in g t h e h e a r t s o f men. D ur in g t h i s lo n g p e r i o d o f n in e h u n d re d y e a r s , te m p le s w ere t h e o n ly i n s t i t u t i o n s o f e d u c a t i o n , b o th t h e g e n e r a l an d th e r e l i g i o u s . A c c o r d in g ly , i n th e f i e l d s o f l i t e r a t u r e , a r t , and p h i lo s o p h y i t w as n a t u r a l t h a t B uddhism s h o u ld be t h e b a s i c p o v /er. B o th i n c o n t e n t and m e th o d , t h e t e x t b o oks w ere r a t h e r j u v e n i l e , b u t s e e n i n th e l i g h t o f t h e s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h a t e a r l y p e r i o d , a th o u s a n d y e a r s a g o , t h e y w ere s u i t a b l e t o th e p a r t i c u l a r n e e d s o f t h e p e r i o d . T hen, how c o u ld t h e B u d d h is t monks m a i n t a i n t h e i r p o s i t i o n a s t h e l e a d e r s o f s o c i e t y ? Now I s h a l l e n u m e ra te th e m ain r e a s o n s . F i r s t , a s s t a t e d i n S e c t i o n 2 o f C h a p te r 1 1 , th e monks w ere n o t r i t u a l i s t s o r f o r m a l i s t s , b u t r a t h e r th e y w ere p h i l o s o p h e r s , men o f l e t t e r s , m e d ic in e -m e n , and d o c t o r s a s w e ll a s a r c h i t e c t s . They w e re much a b s o r b e d i n r e s e a r c h ; so t h e y w en t to C h in a i n o r d e r t o l e a r n o f h e r a d v a n c e d c u l t u r e . T h e i r p e r s o n a l i t y a n d know ledge w ere m a g n e tic eno u g h t o a t t r a c t t h e h e a r t s o f t h e p e o p le . C o n s e q u e n tly t h e r e was a te n d e n c y t h a t t h e b e s t o f t h e p o p u la c e c h o se t o become m onks. W e c a n g u e s s th e e s te e m p l a c e d upon monks i n t h e w ords o f E m peror S aga (R e ig n e d 8 1 0 -8 2 3 A .D é ) who s a i d , "T h ere i s no g r e a t i n t e l l e c t among t h e c o u r t i e r s , b u t t h e r e i s g e n iu s among th e m o n k s." S e c o n d , i n t h i s p e r i o d t h e r e w e re many g r e a t r e l i g i o u s men v/ho d e v o te d th e m s e lv e s e a r n e s t l y t o th e p r o m u lg a tio n o f ^ S . T a k a h a s h i, A H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o n i n J a p a n , p . 9 7 . 109 B uddh ism . T h ere w ere many g r e a t l e a d e r s , b u t t h e f o l l o w i n g w ere t h o s e who e s t a b l i s h e d new d e n o m in a tio n s . Name S e c t Y e a r D engio D a i s h i S h in g o n 806 Kobo D a i s h i T en d o i 816 Honen Jo d o 1175 S i s a i Z en 1202 S h in r a n S h in 1224 N i c h i r e n N i c h i r e n 1252 THE PERIOD OF TERAKOYA EDUCATION I n t h i s p e r i o d t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n w h ic h was s o l e l y i n t h e h a n d s o f p r i e s t s w as now p a r t l y p l a c e d ' i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f th e common p e o p l e , and th e c o n t e n t o f e d u c a t i o n a l s o becam e m ore s e c u l a r i z e d . B u t, a s show n i n T a b le s No. 4 , 5 , and 6 , th e num ber o f te m p le s w h ic h w ere opened by monks r a n k s n e x t t o t h o s e o p e n ed by t h e common p e o p le and S a m u ra i, and th e y r a n k i n t h e t h i r d p l a c e i n t h e num b er. The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e te m p le s o p ened b y t h e monks a g g r e g a t e d m ore i n th e c o u n t r y d i s t r i c t s t h a n i n c i t i e s , p e rh a p s due t o th e f a c t t h a t t h e r e w ere l e s s e d u c a te d p e o p le i n th e c o u n tr y , and th e S a m u ra i l i v e d i n t h e c i t i e s w here t h e c a s t l e s o f t h e i r l o r d s e x i s t e d . I n t h i s p e r i o d , c o n t r a r y t o t h e p r e c e d in g p e r i o d , g r e a t i n t e l l e c t s g a t h e r e d a ro u n d t h e f e u d a l l o r d s i n t h e i r s e r v i c e i n i m p o r t a n t c i t i e s . And a l s o among th e common p e o p le w ere fo u n d many e d u c a te d p e r s o n s who 110 opened m ore T e ra k o y a th a n d i d th e m onks. S p e a k in g o f t h e T e ra k o y a e d u c a t i o n o f t h i s p e r i o d , com pared t o t h e p r e c e d i n g p e r i o d , we m u st s a y t h a t i t s m ethod and q u a l i t y a d v a n c e d d e c i d e d l y . S een fro m t h e v ie w p o i n t o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n , a m ark o f s u p e r i o r i t y i s shown i n t h a t o n ly t e n t o t h i r t y p u p i l s w ere accom m odated i n T e r a k o y a a t , a t i m e . T h is e n a b le d th e t e a c h e r s t o u n d e r s t a n d th e i n d i v i d u a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p u p i l s , a n d by an a p p r o p r i a t e m ethod o f i n s t r u c t i o n i n e d u c a t i o n a b e t t e r r e s u l t was a s s u r e d . H ow ever, th e f a c t t h a t t h e monks l o s t t h e i r fo r m e r p o s i t i o n a s l e a d e r s , a n d l o s t t h e i r p o p u l a r i t y , c o u ld n o t be i g n o r e d . Then why w e re th e y d e g r a d e d ? What was t h e r e a s o n o f t h e l a c k o f g r e a t i n t e l l e c t among t h e m onks? The f i r s t e v a n g e l i s t i c a t t e m p t by X a v i e r s p r e a d w ith g r e a t s p e e d , b u t t h a t r e l i g i o n w as o p p r e s s e d by H id e y o s h i and t h e T okuga- wa g o v e rn m e n t, who gave to B u d d h is t p r i e s t s t h e s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e o f s u p p r e s s i n g t h e a n t a g o n i s t i c C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n . B uddhism becam e a n a t i o n a l r e l i g i o n u n d e r s p e c i a l p r o t e c t i o n . The g e n e r a l p u b l i c U nder t h e i n e r t i a o f t r a d i t i o n a l c u sto m s and u s a g e s b e g a n t o l o s e i t s f e r v o r to w a rd B uddhism a n d b e g a n t o l o o k f o r seme new r e l i g i o n . At th e sam e t im e , B u d d h is t p r i e s t s , i n d u l g i n g i n e a s e o f p r o t e c t i o n , f o r g e t t i n g th e im p o r t a n t d u t i e s o f s p i r i t u a l l e a d e r s , w ere e a g e r t o o b t a i n pow er f o r common a f f a i r s . On th e o t h e r h a n d , th e p e o p le w ere g r e a t l y aw akened to a new r e a l i z a t i o n o f s p i r i t u a l i t y t h r o u g h th e a d v a n c e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y and th e b u sy t r a d e w i t h th e P o r tu g u e s e and t h e D u tc h . They w ere aw akened I l l t o n a t i o n a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s , and s o u g h t k n o w ledge a b r o a d . F o r th e above r e a s o n s . B uddhism l o s t i t s e d u c a t i o n a l p o w e r, m e r e ly k e e p in g i t s e x i s t e n c e th r o u g h i t s t r a d i t i o n . We m u st a d m it t h a t e d u c a t i o n a l pow er was t a k e n from th e h a n d s o f t h e monks b e c a u s e o f th e f a c t t h a t t h e y l o s t t h e i r r e l i g i o u s f a i t h and a r d e n t f e r v o r a s r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s . THE PERIOD OF BUDDHIST SUNDAY SCHOOLS W ith th e R e s t o r a t i o n i n 1865 th e g o v e rn m e n t h a d no l o n g e r a n y th i n g to do w i t h r e l i g i o n * As a r e s u l t . B uddhism w h ic h had e n jo y e d p r o t e c t i o n f o r o v e r two h u n d re d and s i x t y y e a r s u n d e r t h e r u l e o f th e S h o g u n s, was n o t o n ly l e f t t o g u id e i t s own c o u r s e , b u t was p e r s e c u t e d , an d th e s u f f e r i n g s o f t h e f a i t h f u l w ere g r e a t * B ut by s u c h p e r s e c u t i o n and b lo w , B u d d h is ts w ere aw akened t o a g r e a t e r f e r v o r an d fo u n d t h e i r way t o l i f e and r e v i v a l * As t h e g r e a t e s t f a c t o r o f t h i s r e v i v a l o f B uddhism i n t h e M e i j i e r a , t h e m ost c o n s p ic u o u s and t h e u n f o r g e t t a b l e was th e i n f l u e n c e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y * The f i r s t e v a n g e l i s t i c a tt e m p t by X a v i e r had no m arked e f f e c t upon th e l i f e o f B uddhism , b u t C h r i s t i a n i t y i n t h e M e i ji e r a w as p o w e r f u l eno u g h t o a r o u s e i t fro m i n e r t i a * A lth o u g h B uddhism e a r l y h ad "S hon en K y o k w ai," t h e p r e c u r s o r o f t h e Sunday S c h o o l, t h e r e i s no d o u b t t h a t B uddhism h ad a g r e a t d e a l t o l e a r n fro m t h e r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y . E s p e c i a l l y i n t h e e r a o f T a is h o s i n c e th e "S honen K y o k a i" a d o p te d t h e name o f Sunday S c h o o l, much o f t h e m ethod an d s t r u c t u r e o f C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n 112 was a l s o a d o p te d * I n s h o r t , we c o u l d c a l l t h i s p e r i o d a p e r i o d o f i m i t a t i o n . G e n e r a ll y s p e a k i n g , t e x t h o o k s , m u s ic , an d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f B u d d h is t S unday S c h o o ls w e re p r e t t y n i g h s h a p e d , b u t we a r e t o s e e t h e p e r f e c t e d r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m o f B uddhism o n ly i n t h e f u t u r e * At t h e same t i m e , t h e f u t u r e s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e o f B u d d h is t r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n m u st d e pend u p o n u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d s tu d y on t h e p a r t o f B u d d h i s t s . Today, when r e l i g i o n an d e d u c a t i o n a r e s e p a r a t e d , w ith o u t some s u c h sy s te m a s Sunday S c h o o ls , B uddhism f a c e s t h e p r o s p e c t o f l o s i n g i t s l i f e i n th e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n . At p r e s e n t th e B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o l h a s made m arked p r o g r e s s i n i t s s t r u c t u r e an d m e th o d , h a v in g Summer V a c a tio n S c h o o l a s a b r a n c h , b u t i t i s d o u b t f u l i f r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n w i l l be e x p a n d e d ao a s to h a v e th e w e ek -d a y C h urch S c h o o l, s u c h a s e x i s t s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s * B u t a t th e p r e s e n t tim e th e e d u c a t o r s o f p r im a r y s c h o o l s a r e a d v o c a ti n g t h e n e c e s s i t y o f h a v in g r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n i n th e p u b l i c s c h o o l s . 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY A r a l , H a k u s e k i, H a n k a n fu , R akuyodo, T okyo, 1 9 1 8 . ArmstD^ong, R* C . , B uddhism and B u d d h is t i n J a p a n . The Mac m i l l a n Company, New Y o rk , 1 9 2 9 . B e t t s , G. H ., The C u r r ic u lu m o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n , The A bing don P r e s s , New Y o rk , 1 9 2 4 . B o n h o u rs, D . , The L i f e o f S t . F r a n c i s X a v i e r . E ugene Cummin- s k e y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 8 4 1 . Brow n, A .A ., A H i s t o r y o f R e l i a i ous E d u c a tio n i n R e c e n t T im e s, The A b in g d o n P r e s s , New Y o rk , 1 9 2 1 . C h r i s t i a n F e d e r a t i o n , C h r i s t i a n Y e a r Book o f 1 9 3 0 , T okyo, 1 9 3 0 . C o a te s and I s h i z u k a , H onen. The B u d d h is t S a i n t , C h i o n in , K y o to , 1 9 2 5 . D a v id s , T. W ., B u d d h ism , A. C o n s ta b le & C o ., L o n d o n , 1 9 0 8 . E d u c a tio n and R e l i g i o n , J o u r n a l o f th e K y o ik u - te - S h u k y o s h a , T okyo. H a ta n o , S . , The O r i g i n o f C h r i s t i a n i t y i n J a p a n , K e i s e i - s h a , T okyo. H i s t o r i c a l D a ta o f E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , The D e p a rtm e n t o f E d u c a t i o n , T okyo, 1 8 8 3 . H iy a n e , Y a s u s a d a , H i s t o r y o f E e lig ;io n i n J a p a n , Sankyo Pub l i s h i n g C o ., T okyo, 1 9 2 5 . I s h ik a w a , K en, H i s t o r y o f Common E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , Toko- S h o in , T okyo, 1 9 2 8 . 114 " j a p a n , " The IkLcycXopaeclla B r i t a n n i c a , The E n c y c lo p a e d ia B r i t a n n i c a Company, New Y o rk , 1 9 2 6 . Knox, C. W ., The D ev elopm ent o f R e l i g i o n i n J a p a n . G. P . P u t nam ’ s S o n s , New Y ork an d L ondon , 1 9 0 7 . L o n g fo rd , J , H . , The S t o r y o f O ld J a p a n . Longm ans, New Y o rk , 1 9 1 0 . M o j i j u k i , S . , The. B u d d h is t C h ro n o lo g y . B uyodo, T okyo, 1 9 0 9 . N am ashim a, H . , H i s t o r y o f E d u c a ti o n i n J a p a n . W aseda U n iv e r s i t y P r e s s , T okyo, 1 9 0 7 . O to ta k e , I . , H i s t o r y o f Common E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n . M eguro Book Company, T okyo, 1 9 2 9 . P r a t t , J . B . , The P ilg r im a g e o f B u d d h ism . The M a c m illa n Com p a n y , New Y o rk , 1 9 2 8 . H e i s h a u e r , A* K*, S t u d i e s i n Ja p a n e se . B u d d h ism , The M a c m illa n Company, New Y o rk , 1 9 1 7 . S o a r e s , T. G ., R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n . The U n i v e r s i t y o f C h icag o P r e s s , C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s , 1 9 2 8 ; T a k a h a s h i, S h u n jo , H i s t o r y o f R e l i g i o u s E d u c a tio n i n J a p a n , D a i to P u b l i s h i n g Company, T okyo, 1 9 2 8 . The B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o l T e x t B ook. B u d d h is t Sunday S c h o o l T e x t Book K ankokw ai, K y o to , 1 9 2 8 . The B u d d h is t S unday S c h o o l L e s s o n s . 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Asset Metadata

Creator Hori, Josho (author)

Core Title The historical study of religious education in Buddhism in Japan

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Degree Master of Arts

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Education,OAI-PMH Harvest,philosophy, religion and theology

Format application/pdf (imt)

Language English

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c39-160782

Unique identifier UC11312176

Identifier EP65026.pdf (filename),usctheses-c39-160782 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP65026.pdf

Dmrecord 160782

Document Type Thesis

Format application/pdf (imt)

Rights Hori, Josho

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

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