University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

The liberals and the fundamentalists: A sociological analysis of the moral attitudes of selected Protestants in Long Beach, California

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The liberals and the fundamentalists: A sociological analysis of the moral attitudes of selected Protestants in Long Beach, California

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Content THE LIBERALS A N D TH E F U N D A M E N T A L IS T S : A S O C IO L O G IC A L ANALYSIS OF THE M O R AL A T T IT U D E S OF SELEC TED PROTESTANTS IN L O N G B E A C H , C A LIF O R N IA by R ich a rd C . B a ile y A T h e s is P re s e n te d to the F A C U L T Y OF THE GRADUATE S C H O O L U N IV E R S IT Y OF SO U T H E R N C A LIF O R N IA In P a rtia l F u lfillm e n t o f the R eq u ire m e n ts fo r th e D e g re e M ASTER OF S O C IO L O G Y Jan u ary 1968 UMI Number: EP65818 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. DlssBrtatisn PtfMisMng UMI EP65818 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PARK LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 9 0 0 0 7 So ‘ B I $5" This thesisf written by ......RICH^ C. BAI^Y.............. „ % ^ under the direction of h..^.^..Thesis Committee, and approved by a ll its members, has been pre sented to and accepted by the D ean of The Graduate School, in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements fo r the degree of MASTER OF .^ T S Dean January, 1968 D a te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Ip S J S C O M M IT T E E To M a r y , w ho m ade it p o s s ib le to see th is re s e a rc h th ro u g h to its c o m p le tio n , an d to S u san a n d D a v id , w ho le a r n e d , th ro u g h n e c e s s ity , to be p a tie n t. TABLE OF C O N T E N T S CHAPTER PAGE I . THE PROBLEM A N D D E F IN IT IO N O F TERMS U S ED . . . 1 THE P R O B L E M .................................................................. I S ta te m e n t o f th e Problem Im p o rta n c e an d S cope o f the S tudy H y p o th e s e s D E F IN IT IO N OF TERM S U S E D ................................. 3 P ro te s ta n t F u n d a m e n ta lis m M o d e ra te L ib e ra lis m M o r a l A ttitu d e s O R G A N IZA TIO N O F THE T H E S I S ............................ 11 I I . REVIEW OF THE L IT E R A T U R E ............................................. 13 LITERATURE O N M O R A L IT Y A N D R E L IG IO N . . . . 13 T h e o re tic a l D e fin itio n o f M o r a lity T h e o re tic a l D e fin itio n o f R e lig io n V ario u s T h e o rie s on th e R e la tio n s h ip o f M o r a lity a n d R e lig io n 1 1 M O R A L IT Y AS TH E A G EN T E F F E C T IN G R E LIG IO U S SYSTEMS ....................................................................................... 20 LITERATURE O N B IB LIC A L K N O W L E D G E A N D THE C H U R C H AS A D E T E R M IN A N T OF TH E M O RAL ORDER ............................................................................................. 22 H a rts h o m e an d M a y S tu d y H ig h to w e r S tudy M a th ia s S tu d y M id d le to n a n d P u tn e y S tu d y SE C U LA R IZA TIO N O F M O R A L S ................................................. 33 In d iv id u a l M o r a lity o f th e " O ld " L a ity S o c ia l R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e " N e w " L a ity S U M M A R Y ............................................................................................. 43 I I I . THE RESEARCH D E S IG N ....................................................................... 45 M E T H O D O L O G Y ................................................................................. 45 F o llo w -u p C o lle c tio n o f D a ta Return P e rc e n ta g e s S am p le Loss The S am p le TH E RESEARCH IN S T R U M E N T .................................................. 51 i i i The S o c ia l-C h a r a c te r is tic s Q u e s tio n n a ire The r u n d a iiie n ta l-L ib e r a l S c a le O rig in o f th e Q u e s tio n s V a lid ity o f th e F - L S c a le M in is t e r ia l E v a lu a tio n D e fin in g th e In d e p e n d e n t V a ria b le The M o r a l A ttitu d e S c a le S TA TIS TIC A L M E A S U R E M E N T S ..................................... 62 S U M M A R Y ................................................................................. 65 . IV . THE F I N D I N G S ...................................................................................... 67 DATA R E LA TIN G TO THE D E P E N D E N T VARIABLE . . 6 7 H y p o th e s e s R e fe rrin g to th e D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le . . 67 C o m p a ra tiv e A n a ly s is o f M o r a l A ttitu d e M e a n s D e n o m in a tio n a n d M o r a l A ttitu d e S cores F u n d a m e n ta lis t-L ib e ra l E n c la v e s a n d M o ra l A ttitu d e S cores M IN IS T E R S F - L S C O R E S ............................................................ 90 C O M P A R IS O N O F M IN IS T E R TO C O N G R E G A T IO N O N F - L S C O R E S ............................................................................ 91 S U M M A R Y ............................................................................................. 95 IV V. S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U S IO N S 9 7 S U M M A R Y .................................................................................................. 9 7 C O N C L U S IO N S . ........................................................................ 99 S H O R T C O M IN G S OF THE S T U D Y ................................................. 100 The S o c ia l-C h a r a c te r is tic s Q u e s tio n n a ire The F u n d a m e n ta l-L ib e ra l S c a le The M o r a l A ttitu d e S c a le A P P E N D IX ...................................................................................................... 104 B IB L IO G R A P H Y ....................................................................................................................... 159 V LIS T O F TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 . C o rre la tio n o f Id e a o f G o d w ith C o n d u c t 27 2 . Per c e n t o f Those W h o B e lie v e A c tio n s A re W ro n g W h o Engage in th e A c tio n b y Sex a n d R e lig io u s I d e o l o g y .................................................................................................. 31 3 . F - L S c a le W e ig h ts b y Q u e s tio n N u m b e r .................................. 59 4 . M -A M e a n s an d Raw S core Ranges A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o r y ............................................................................. 69 5 . A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e fo r A ll C a t e g o r i e s .................................. 70 6 . t T e s t B e tw een M -A M e a n s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ........................................................... 70 7 . M e a n S core R e c e iv e d on Each Q u e s tio n o f th e M -A S c a le A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................ 73 8 . F re q u e n c ie s and M e a n M - A S cores b y Age G roup A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................................ 76 9 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M - A S co res b y Sex A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y . ................................................................. 77 1 0 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M - A S co res by G ra d u a te E d u c a tio n a l L e v e l A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o ry . 79 VI TABLE PAGE 1 1 . F ie q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M - A S cores fo r A il E d u c a tio n a l L e v e ls A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................ 80 1 2 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M - A S cores by O c c u p a tio n a l G roup A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................ 82 1 3 . F re q u e n c ie s a n d M e a n M - A S cores by P o litic a l A f f ilia tio n A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o ry . . . . 83 1 4 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M - A S cores by P o litic a l C a te g o ry A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................................ 84 1 5 . F re q u e n c ie s a n d M e a n M -A S cores by D e n o m in a tio n A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................................ 88 1 6 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M -A S cores o f F u n d a m e n ta lis t- L ib e ra l E n c la v e s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o ry . 88 1 7 . F -L S cores an d D e n o m in a tio n o f A ll M in is te r s b y R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ........................................... 91 1 8 . C o m p a ris o n o f M in is t e r a n d C o n g re g a tio n a l M e a n F - L R esponses A c c o rd in g to D e n o m i n a t i o n ............................ 93 1 9 . M e a n Age A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y .............................. 120 2 0 . F re q u e n c ie s an d P e rc e n ta g e s o f R eported M a le s and F e m a le s A c co rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ...................... 121 V ll TABLE PAGE 2 1 . F re q u e n c ie s a n d P e rc e n ta g e s o f R ep o rted M a r it a l S tatu s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................ 123 2 2 . F re q u e n c ie s an d P e rc e n ta g e s o f R e p o rte d N u m b e r o f Y e ars E d u c a tio n C o m p le te d A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y .................................................................................................. 124 2 3 . P e rc e n ta g e s o f R e p o rte d N u m b e r o f Y e a rs E d u c a tio n C o m p le te d b y th e T o ta l S am p le a n d th e 1 96 0 U n ite d S ta te s P o p u l a t i o n ............................................................................ 125 2 4 . F re q u e n c ie s an d P e rc e n ta g e s o f R e p o rte d O c c u p a tio n A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................................ 129 2 5 . F re q u e n c ie s an d P e rc e n ta g e s o f R e s p o n d e n t's P la c e o f B irth A c c o rd in g to G e o g ra p h ic a l A re a a n d R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ................................................................................................... 131 2 6 . R e s id e n tia l O w n e rs h ip R ep o rted in F re q u e n c ie s a n d P e rc e n ta g e s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o ry . . . 132 2 7 . R eported In co m e in F re q u e n c ie s an d P e rc e n ta g e s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................................ 135 2 8 . P e rc e n ta g e s o f R ep o rte d In c o m e o f A ll R esp o n d en ts in C o m p a ris o n to th a t R ep o rted b y th e T o ta l U n ite d S ta te s P o p u l a t i o n ............................................................................. 135 v i i i TABLE PAGE 2 9 . F re q u e n c ie s a n d P e rc e n ta g e s o f R ep o rted C la s s S ta n d in g A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ........................ 13 7 3 0 . P o litic a l C a te g o riz a tio n o f R e sp o n d en ts in F re q u e n c ie s a n d P e rc e n ta g e s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o ry . . 140 3 1 . P e rc e n ta g e o f R espond ents C la s s if ie d L ib e r a ls , M o d e r a te s , a n d F u n d a m e n ta lis ts A c c o rd in g to D e n o m in a t io n ........................................................................................ 141 3 2 . N u m b e r o f In d iv id u a ls w ith F o u r or M o re " D o n 't Know " R esponses A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o ry . . . . 145 3 3 . M - A M e a n s o f R espo n d en ts w ith L e s s Than Four " D o n 't K now " R esponses A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a te g o ry . . 146 3 4 . M e a n S core D iffe re n c e s B e tw e e n C a te g o rie s U s in g th e T o ta l S am p le a n d th e E x p e rim e n ta l G roup . . . . 146 3 5 . F re q u e n c ie s an d P e rc e n ta g e s o f " D o n 't Know " R esponses b y Q u e s tio n A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y .................................................................................................. 148 3 6 . R esponses to A ll M - A S c a le Q u e s tio n s b y A ll C a te g o rie s 152 3 7 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M - A S co res b y O c c u p a tio n A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ............................................ 155 IX TABLE PAGE 3 8 . F re q u e n c ie s a n d M e a n M - A S cores b y M a r it a l S ta tu s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y .................................... 155 39 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M -A Scores b y In co m e G roups A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y .................................................. 157 4 0 . F re q u e n c ie s an d M e a n M -A S cores b y C la s s A c c o rd in g to R e lig io u s C a t e g o r y ........................................................................ 158 X L IS T O F ILLU S TR A TIO N S FIG U R E PAGE 1 . N u m b er o f R eturned Q u e s tio n n a ire s A c c o rd in g to M o n th a n d D a y .................................................................................. 50 2 . C o n s e n s u s o f M in is te r s W e ig h tin g o f Q u e s tio n s on th e F -L S c a le in O rd e r o f Im p o rta n c e ................................. 58 3 . M o r a l A ttitu d e S c a le as T h e o r e tic a lly C o n c e p tu a liz e d . . 63 4 . P lo t o f M -A M e a n s ......................................................................................... 69 5 . E d u c a tio n a l A tta in m e n t o f th e T o ta l S am p le a n d the U n ite d S ta te s P o p u la tio n .......................................................................126 XI n CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM A N D D E F IN IT IO N OF TERMS U S ED I . The P rob lem S ta te m e n t o f th e Problem The m ain purpose o f th is s tu d y w as to a s c e rta in w h e th e r p ro te s ta n ts w ho a re lib e r a ls , m o d e ra te s , o r fu n d a m e n ta lis ts d iffe r from one a n o th e r in th e ir m o ral a t t it u d e s . A sec o n d g o a l o f th is s tu d y w as to d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e s e m o ral a ttitu d e s a re r e fle c tiv e o f d iffe re n c e s in v a rio u s s o c ia l c h a ra c te ris tic s or w h e th e r th e y a re due to a p o la r iz a tio n o f re lig io u s b e lie fs . The f in a l pu rp o se o f th is s tu d y w as to a s c e rta in th e re la tio n s h ip o f th e m in is te r to th e c o n g re g a tio n in term s o f th e p o la r iz a tio n o f r e lig io u s b e lie fs . M a n y s tu d ie s h av e b e e n c o n d u c te d in th e a re a o f th e s o c io lo g y o f r e lig io n , e ith e r on th e b a s is o f d e n o m in a tio n , c h u rc h ty p e , or p s y c h o lo g ic a l m a k e u p . R a re ly , i f e v e r, has a s tu d y in th is f ie ld b een c o n d u c te d on th e d iffe r e n t m o ra l a ttitu d e s o f th e m in is te rs p a rtic ip a tin g in th e s tu d y . I t is to th is p o in t th a t th is s tu d y w as d ir e c te d . Im p o rta n c e an d Scope o f th e S tu d y The scope o f th is re s e a rc h w as lim ite d to an e x a m in a tio n o f m o ral a ttitu d e s am ong a s e le c te d group o f P ro te s ta n ts in Long B e a c h , C a lif o r n ia . 1 L 2 The s tu d y w as c o n d u c te d a t a lo w le v e l o f g e n e ra lity ; im p lic a tio n s , tre n d s a n d c o n c lu s io n s s h o u ld be in te rp re te d a c c o rd in g ly . H y p o th e s e s The m ain h y p o th e s is o f th e s tu d y s ta te d in its s p e c ific form w as th a t P ro te s ta n ts re p o rtin g F u n d a m e n ta lis t b e lie fs w il l h av e a h ig h e r m o ral a ttitu d e sco re th a n th o s e re p o rtin g lib e r a l o r m o d erate re lig io u s b e lie f s . F iv e c o ro lla rie s s ta te d th a t th e m a jo r h y p o th e s is w as tru e I re g a rd le s s o f a g e , s e x , e d u c a tio n , o c c u p a tio n o r p o litic a l a f filia t io n o f th e th re e re itg io tis c a te g o rie s . The h y p o th e s is an d c o ro lla rie s s ta te d in th e ir n u ll form fo r te s tin g , a re as fo llo w s : 1 . There is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e sco re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t P ro te s ta n ts . 2 . T h ere is no d iffe re n c e in m o ra l a ttitu d e sco res b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t P ro te s ta n ts w h en the d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r ag e o f re s p o n d e n ts . 3 . There is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e sco res b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t P ro te s ta n ts w h en th e d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r s e x o f re s p o n d e n ts . 4 . There is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e sco res b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , an d fu n d a m e n ta lis t P ro te s ta n ts w h e n th e d ata a re c o n tro lle d fo r e d u c a tio n o f re s p o n d e n ts . 5 . T h ere is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e sco re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t P ro te s ta n ts w h en th e d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r o c c u p a tio n o f re s p o n d e n ts . 6 . T h ere is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e sco re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , an d fu n d a m e n ta lis t P ro te s ta n ts w h en th e d ata a re c o n tro lle d fo r p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n o f re s p o n d e n ts . I I . D e fin itio n o f Term s P ro te s ta n t " P ro te s ta n t" w as d e fin e d as C h ris tia n A m e ric a n s who a re not Roman C a th o lic , M o rm o n , or E a s te rn O rth o d o x . T h e re a re lin e s w h ic h d iv id e P ro te s ta n ts in te r n a lly . B enson has d iv id e d P ro te s ta n ts a c c o rd in g to b e lie f , w o rs h ip fo rm s , a n d e m o tio n a lis m . H e s ta te d : P ro te s ta n ts ran g e in b e lie f a ll th e w a y from th e s u p e rn a tu ra lis m o f th e r ig h t-w in g L u th e ra n s to th e a g n o s tic is m o f th e le f t - w in g U n ita r ia n s . P ro te s ta n ts ran g e in w o rs h ip form s a ll th e w a y from th e c o m p le x ity o f th e H lg h -c h u rc h E p is c o p a lia n s to th e s im p lic ity o f th e s ile n t- m e e tin g Q u a k e rs . P ro te s ta n ts ra n g e in e m o tio n a lis m a ll th e w a y from th e r e s tr a in t o f th e C o n g re g a tio n a lis ts to th e e x u b e ra n c e o f th e P e n te c o s ta ls . ^ 1 P u rn e ll B e n so n , R e lig io n in C o n te m p o ra ry C u ltu re (N e w Y o rk: H a rp e r and B rothers , 19 6 0 ), p . 1 7 6 . I F u n d a m e n ta lis m I ' F u n d a m e n ta lis m has an d is u n d erg o in g c h a n g e . H is t o r ic a lly , I j re lig io u s fu n d a m e n ta lis m is ro o te d in "A p o s to lic D o c tr in e , M e d ie v a l- I I R e fo rm a tio n T h e o lo g y , an d A m e ric a n r a d ic a lis m . I I In 1 9 1 0 , a group o f s c h o la rs p u b lis h e d a s e rie s o f e s s a y s i I o I e n title d The F u n d a m e n ta ls : A T e s tim o n y to th e T ru th . T h is p u b lic a - I I tio n p la c e d , b e fo re a l l , th e d o c trin e s w h ic h th e y c o n s id e re d as I e s s e n tia l to a fu n d a m e n ta l C h ris tia n b e lie f . T h e y w e re (1) th e v e rb a l j a n d in e rra n t in s p ira tio n o f th e B ib le . T h is is th e D iv in e v e rb a l I in s p ira tio n to th e e ffe c t th a t th e w ords o f th e B ib le a re th e d ire c t and e rro rle s s w ords o f G o d , (2) th e v irg in b irth o f Jesus C h r is t, (3) the s u b s titu tio n a ry s u p e rn a tu ra l b lo o d a to n e m e n t o f Jesus C h r is t, (4) the p h y s ic a l o r b o d ily re s u rre c tio n o f Jesus C h r is t, (5) th e im m in e n t s ec o n d co m in g o f Jesus C h r is t, a n d (6) th e a u th e n tic ity o f th e s e , as w e ll as th e o th e r. G o s p e l m ir a c le s . O th e r d o c trin e s w h ic h s u p p le m en ted th e s e w e re : (1) th e d e ity o f Jesus C h r is t, (2) th e d e p ra v ity or s in fu l n atu re o f m a n , (3) s a lv a tio n an d ju s tific a tio n by fa ith th ro u g h i I th e g ra c e o f G o d , an d (4) th e p ro m is e o f th e p h y s ic a l or b o d ily t- re s u rre c tio n o f b e lie v in g o r re g e n e ra te C h ris tia n s . ! ^ L o u is G a s p e r, The F u n d a m e n ta lis t M o v em ent (T h e H a g u e , 1 9 6 3 ),! i p. V. ; ^ The F u n d a m e n ta ls : A T e s tim o n y to th e T ru th , (C h icag o *, Illin o is : | T e s tim o n y P u b lis h in g C o . , 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 1 5 ), V o ls . 1-1 2. 5 I i I It w as in th e s e s ta te m e n ts o f d o c trin e th a t fu n d a m e n ta lis tic I I I s c h o la rs re je c te d th e th e o ry o f e v o lu tio n and sou ght to p rove th a t i I I m odernism an d B ib lic a l C h r is tia n ity w e re in c o m p a tib le . I t w o u ld be I I I c o rre c t to s a y th a t a fte r the tu rn o f th e c e n tu ry , fu n d a m e n ta lis m b ecam e ! I A j th e "m o vem en t w h ic h a ro s e in o p p o s itio n to lib e r a lis m . " I I Tw o s c a le s w e re d e v e lo p e d to d e te rm in e , b y p o la r iz a tio n , j w h e th e r a p erso n is a lib e r a l or a fu n d a m e n ta lis t, o r som ew h ere j b e tw e e n th e tw o e x tre m e s . The tw o s c a le s a re (1) The L ib e r a l- j I F u n d a m e n ta lis t S c a le w h ic h is co m p o sed o f Q u e s tio n s #1, 2, 4 , 5, 6, I 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 22; a n d (2) The D e g re e o f R e lig io u s P a rtic ip a tio n S c a le w h ic h is co m p o sed o f Q u e s tio n s # 3 , 1 1 , 12 , 1 8 , 1 9 , in th e q u e s tio n n a ire w h ic h a p p e a rs on pag e 1 0 6 . In th is s tu d y , a fu n d a m e n ta lis t is d e fin e d as a n y in d iv id u a l who re c e iv e d a sco re o f 233 o r m ore on the q u e s tio n n a ire . D is c u s s io n of th e s c a lin g te c h n iq u e s a p p lie d to th is re s e a rc h is p re s e n te d in C h a p te r I I I . M o d e ra te " M o d e ra te " w as d e fin e d as one w ho s c o re d b e tw e e n th e fu n d a m e n ta l an d lib e r a l c a te g o rie s . A m o d erate does n o t id e n tify r e lig io u s ly w ith e ith e r th e fu n d a m e n ta lis t o r th e lib e r a l, b u t holds ■G asper, o p . c i t . , p . 1 3 . to a le s s e x tre m e p o s itio n . The ra n g e o f sco re s on th e F u n d a m e n ta l- L ib e ra l q u e s tio n n a ire , w h ic h w a s d e s ig n a te d as m o d e ra te , w a s 174 to 232 . L ib e ra lis m The term lib e ra lis m th e o lo g ic a lly d e s ig n a te s : . . .th e s p ir it a n d a ttitu d e o f th o s e w ho s e e k to in c o rp o ra te in C h ris tia n th e o lo g y th e v a lu e s o f fre ed o m o f th o u g h t, to le ra n c e , a n d th e h u m a n ita ria n m o tiv e s in m odern W e s te rn c u ltu r e . ^ R e lig io u s lib e r a lis m seem s to h av e a ris e n p rim a rily as a re a c tio n a g a in s t th e e a r lie r b e lie fs o f " p e tr ifie d o rth o d o x c o n s e rv a tiv is m " w h ic h th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts e s p o u s e d . G re a t e m p h a s is w a s p la c e d on th e "free d o m o f m a n , lib e r a lis m 's p rim a ry p o s tu la te , a p o la r c o n c e p t to th e " P h a ris a ic a l le g a lis m " o f fu n d a m e n ta lis m . In th is s tu d y , a lib e r a l w a s d e fin e d as a n y in d iv id u a l w ho r e c e iv e d a sco re o f 173 or le s s on th e F u n d a m e n ta l-L ib e ra l s c a le show n on page 1 0 6 . M o r a l A ttitu d e s A M o r a l A ttitu d e s c a le w as c o n s tru c te d u t iliz in g h y p o th e tic a l ^ D a n ie l D . W illia m s , " L ib e ra lis m " in H a n d b o o k o f C h ris tia n T h e o lo g y , e d s . , M a r v in H a lv e rs o n & A rth u r A . C o h e n , (N e w Y o rk: M e r id ia n B o o k s , 1 9 5 8 ), p . 2 0 7 . ^ G u id o D e R uggiero " L ib e ra lis m " in E n c y c lo p e d ia o f th e S o c ia l S c ie n c e s , e d . , E w in R. A . S e ilg m a n (N e w Y o rk: M a c m illa n C o . , 1 9 3 1 ), V o l. 9 , p . 4 3 5 . ! s itu a tio n s w h ic h m ig h t c o n fro n t an in d iv id u a l. T h e s e h y p o th e tic a l I s itu a tio n s w ere d e s ig n e d to p la c e th e in d iv id u a l in a p o s itio n in w h ic h I ! he had to m ake a p o s itiv e or n e g a tiv e m o ral ju d g m e n t c o n c e rn in g the rig h tn e s s or w ro n g n ess o f h is b e h a v io r in th e g iv e n s itu a tio n . A d e ta ile d a n a ly s is o f th e th e o r e tic a l c o n c e p t o f m o ra lity an d re lig io n w ill a p p e a r in C h a p te r I I . P re s e n te d h ere is th e M o ra l A ttitu d e S c a le . M O R AL A T T IT U D E SCALE I f w h ile d riv in g dow n a d e s e rte d s tre e t you saw tw o boys try in g to b re a k open a p a rk in g m e te r, you w o u ld p ro b a b ly be th e ty p e th a t w o u ld im m e d ia te ly fin d a te le p h o n e a n d c a ll th e p o lic e . a . b . c . _ST RON G LY AGREE _AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . DISAGREE S T R O N G LY DISAGREE To be v e ry t r u th f u l, m y f ir s t re a c tio n to a drunk w e a v in g dow n a s id e w a lk in " s k id ro w " is to a v o id h im . a . b . c . _STRONGLY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE 1 w as th e ty p e o f c h ild th a t a lw a y s got o th e rs to do so m eth in g b e fo re 1 w o u ld try i t . a . b . c . S TR O N G LY AGREE AGREE D O N 't K N O W d . e . _D1SAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE I f 1 had m y w a y , 1 w o u ld m ake R e lig io u s E d u c a tio n (th e s tu d y o f th e B ib le ) m a n d a to ry fo r a l l p e o p le in p u b lic s c h o o ls . a. b . c . _STRONGLY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE 8 F a ilin g to p ay th e fa re if th e c o n d u c to r o v e rlo o k s you on a c a b le c a r rid e o f o n ly e ig h t b lo c k s w o u ld be a l l rig h t th a t one tim e . a . b . c . _STRONGLY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . ë. .DISAGREE S T R O N G LY DISAGREE T e llin g s m a ll c h ild re n th a t S an ta C la u s le a v e s p re s e n ts u n d er j th e C h ris tm a s tre e an d c a n d y in th e ir s to c k in g is c e r ta in ly a ll i r ig h t . ! a . b . c . _STRONGLY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . .DISAGREE ST R O N G LY DISAGREE! 1 guess 1 te n d to be th e ty p e o f p erso n th a t h o ld s a gru d g e a | l i t t l e lo n g e r th a n m ost p e o p le . a . b . c . _ST RON G LY AGREE .AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . .DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE 1 im a g in e fo r som e p e o p le it is a l l rig h t to t e ll a s m a ll w h ite lie to s av e f a c e . a . b . c . .S TR O N G LY AGREE .AGREE "D O N 'T K N O W d . e . .DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE In a s u p e rm a rk e t you com e a c ro s s som e c a n n e d v e g e ta b le s th a t had b ee n on s a le th e d a y b e fo re . The s to c k c le rk has ju s t fin is h e d m arkin g o u t th e s a le p ric e a n d re m a rk in g th e new p r ic e , h o w e v e r you see tw o can s w h ic h th e s to c k c le rk m is s e d . You w o u ld , und er th e s e c o n d itio n s , be ju s t if ie d in ta k in g th e tw o c a n s , p a y in g fo r th e m , a n d s a y in g n o th in g . a . b . c . .S TR O N G LY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . DISAGREE ! STR O N G LY DISAGREE! 1 0 . 1 b e lie v e ta k in g so m eth in g lik e food to h e lp som eone in d e s p e ra te n ee d is a l l r ig h t. a . STR O N G LY AGREE . d . DISAGREE b . AGREE e . STR O N G LY DISAGREE c . D O N 'T K N O W 1 1 . If you h ap p en ed to s e e a p erso n ta k e a c a rto n o f c ig a re tte s in a sto re an d put them In s id e his ja c k e t , a n d you w e re c o n v in c e d th a t he w as s te a lin g th e m , th e s m a rte s t th in g you c o u ld do w o u ld be to n o t g et In v o lv e d . a . STR O N G LY AGREE d . DISAGREE b . AGREE e . S TR O N G LY DISAGREE c . D O N 'T K N O W 1 2 . 1 g uess 1 am th e ty p e th a t has a te n d e n c y to d riv e o v e r the p o s ted sp e ed lim it o c c a s io n a lly . a . S TR O N G LY AGREE d . DISAGREE b . AGREE e . STR O N G LY DISAGREE c . D O N 'T K N O W 1 3 . V o tin g or not v o tin g in a c ity e le c tio n c e r ta in ly has n o th in g to do w ith m o r a lity . a . S TR O N G LY AGREE d . DISAGREE b . AGREE e . S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . D O N 'T K N O W 1 4 . 1 b e lie v e it w o u ld be a l l rig h t fo r a p erso n to u se h is s ic k le a v e b e n e fits w h en he r e a lly is n o t s ic k if he has s o m e th in g r e a lly im p o rta n t to d o , a . STR O N G LY AGREE d . DISAGREE b . AGREE e . S TR O N G LY DISAGREE c . D O N 'T K N O W 1 5 . 1 b e lie v e 1 have a lw a y s , to th e b e s t of my k n o w le d g e , a c c u ra te ly a n d h o n e s tly f ille d o u t in co m e ta x or e m p lo y m e n t a p p lic a tio n form s. a . STR O N G LY AGREE d . DISAGREE b . AGREE e . STR O N G LY DISAGREE c . D O N ’T K N O W 1 0 1 6 . There is c e r ta in ly n o th in g m o ra lly w ro ng w ith ta k in g m in o r th in g s lik e s c ra tc h p a p e r, p e n c ils , a n d p a p e r c lip s from th e o f f i c e . a . b . .S TR O N G LY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . .DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE 1 7 . I fe e l th a t i f I fo u n d a w a lle t w h ic h c o n ta in e d $ 5 5 0 .0 0 in c a s h , I w o u ld be ju s t if ie d in ta k in g $5 as p ay m e n t fo r c o s ts in v o lv e d an d fo r m y r e s p o n s ib ility in re tu rn in g it to th e o w n e r. a . b . c . STR O N G LY AGREE .AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . .DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE I f w h ile ta k in g a d riv e rs lic e n s e e x a m in a tio n , a l it t l e o ld la d y on th e o th e r s id e o f th e ta b le a s k e d you fo r th e a n s w e r to one o f th e q u e s tio n s , it w o u ld be a ll rig h t to g iv e h e r th a t one a n s w e r. a . b . c . .S TR O N G LY AGREE .AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d. e . DISAGREE S T R O N G LY DISAGREE 1 9 . T e llin g l i t t l e c h ild re n th a t th e E a s te r Bunny le a v e s eggs on E a s te r is c e r ta in ly not m o ra lly w ro n g . a . b . c . .S TR O N G LY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . .DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE 2 0 . P e o p le w ho s a y th e y h a v e n o t lo o k e d on a n o th e r p a p e r d u rin g an e x a m in a tio n (s c h o o l, c iv il s e r v ic e , c o lle g e e n tra n c e e x a m in a tio n s an d th e lik e ) a re c e r ta in ly not b e in g v e ry h o n e s t. a . b . c . .S TR O N G LY AGREE AGREE D O N 'T K N O W d . e . DISAGREE STR O N G LY DISAGREE 11 I I j 2 1 . I f you fo u n d a n e w tir e in fro n t o f yo u r h o u se one m o rn in g w ith ! j no id e n tific a tio n on i t , you w o u ld be ju s t if ie d in k e e p in g it j I if no one c a lle d fo r i t . j I a . S TR O N G LY AGREE d . _____ DISAGREE ' I b . AGREE e . _____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE! I G. D O N 'T K N O W ' I I 2 2 . A s a b irth d a y p re s e n t fo r yo u r d a u g h te r, h a v in g ju s t tu rn e d 12 i I y e a rs o ld , you ta k e h er a n d th re e o f h e r frie n d s w h o s e ag e s a re | I b e tw e e n 11 a n d 11 1 /2 to D is n e y la n d fo r th e d a y . In p u rc h a s in g | I th e tic k e ts you n o tic e a s ig n w h ic h re a d s , "GENERAL A D M IS S IO N | A N D 10 RIDES - C h ild re n u n d er 12 $2.95; Juniors 12 to 17 I $ 3 . 4 5 . ” S in c e yo u r d a u g h te r had ju s t tu rn e d 12 th a t d a y , it | w o u ld be a l l rig h t to b u y th e $2.9 5 tic k e t fo r h e r. a . S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______ DISAGREE b . AGREE 0 .______ S T R O N G L Y DISAGREE c . D O N 'T K N O W I I I . O rg a n iz a tio n o f th e T h e s is C h a p te r tw o w ill p re s e n t a re v ie w o f th e lite r a tu r e d e a lin g w ith r e lig io n , m o r a lity , an d th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e m . Som e q u e s tio n s a s k e d a re : As an in d iv id u a l, a c h u rc h , or a d e n o m in a tio n as a w h o le , b ec o m es m ore in v o lv e d in th e s e c u la r s o c ie ty , w ill s tre s s on in d iv id u a l m o ra lity d e c lin e ? C o n v e r s e ly , to th e e x te n t one s ta y s w ith in th e c o n fin e s o f h is ch u rc h an d is o la te s h im s e lf in h is r e lig io u s b e lie f I from th e w o rld in w h ic h he liv e s , w ill th e e m p h a s is upon in d iv id u a l 1 j m o ra lity in c re a s e ? To u n d e rs ta n d th e s e an d o th e r q u e s tio n s a s k e d , I an a n s w e r m ust be p ro v id e d to th e q u e s tio n . Is th e re a d iv e rg e n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e s b e tw e e n p ro te s ta n ts w ho a re fu n d a m e n ta lis ts a n d th o s e w ho a re lib e ra ls ? 12 C h a p te r th re e d is c u s s e s th e re s e a rc h d e s ig n o f th is th e s is : An e x p la n a tio n o f th e m e th o d o lo g y u s e d in th e s tu d y to g a th e r th e 1 d a ta ; th e re s e a rc h in s tru m e n t, an d th e w a y in w h ic h th e in d e p e n d e n t an d d e p en d en t v a r ia b le s a re d e fin e d . C h a p te r fo u r p re s e n ts th e fin d in g s o f th e re s e a rc h . Each h y p o th e s is is te s te d , an d a d e s c rip tio n o f th e s ta t is t ic a l m e a s u re m en t u se d in te s tin g th e h y p o th e s e s is tr e a te d . D e n o m in a tio n a l e n c la v e s are a n a ly z e d as to th e ir r e la tio n s h ip to m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s . L a s t, a c o m p a riso n b e tw e e n th e m in is te rs an d th e ir c o n g re g a tio n s , as to th e ir b e lie f s y s te m , is d e s c rib e d and c o rre la tio n s a re a n a ly z e d . C h a p te r fiv e s u m m a rize d th e re s e a rc h a n d o ffe rs som e c o n c lu s io n s . The c h a p te r c o n c lu d e s w ith an e n u m e ra tio n o f th e s h o rt com ings o f th e s tu d y and a s ta te m e n t as to th e c o n trib u tio n it m akes to th e f ie ld o f s o c io lo g y . 13 CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE T h is c h a p te r w as c o n c e rn e d w ith p la c in g th e p re s e n t s tu d y in h is to r ic a l p e rs p e c tiv e w ith in th e la rg e r fra m e w o rk o f th e s o c io lo g y o f v a lu e s . The p rim a ry a re a o f c o n s id e ra tio n d e a lt o n ly w ith re s e a rc h re le v a n t to th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n m o ra lity o r m o ral c o n d u c t and re lig io u s b e lie fs . I . L ite ra tu re on M o r a lity a n d R e lig io n W illia m G raham Sum ner has d is tin g u is h e d fo lk w a y s an d cu stom s as th e h a b its o f a group e n fo rc e d by p u b lic s e n tim e n t; la w as fo lk w a y s an d custom s w h ic h h a v e beco m e in s titu tio n a liz e d a n d a re d e s ig n e d , m a in ta in e d an d e n fo rc e d b y th e p o lit ic a l a u th o rity o f th e s o c ie ty , th e s ta te ; e th ic s as th a t bod y o f ru le s d e riv e d b y a r e fle c tio n upon m o rals; an d m o rals th e m s e lv e s as th e to ta l o f tab o o s a n d p re s c rip tio n s in th e fo lk w a y s o f a group b y w h ic h rig h t c o n d u c t is d e fin e d : T h a t b e h a v io r w h ic h re c e iv e s group a p p ro v a l a n d is s a n c tio n e d by th e group u sin g such m eans as p r a is e , c o m m e n d a tio n s , m e d a ls (o r p u n is h m e n t i f th e b e h a v io r is d is a p p ro v e d of) b y th e g ro u p . It is in th e c h a ra c te r o f th e d e fin in g a g e n c y as to th e c la s s ific a tio n o f th e co n d u ct o f th e b e h a v io r in v o lv e d . R e lig io n p la y s a v it a l ro le in d e te rm in in g th e c h a ra c te r o f th e d e fin in g b o d y . 14 To e x a m in e th e r e la tio n s h ip th a t e x is ts b e tw e e n m o rals an d r e lig io n , an a n a ly s is o f th e c o n c e p t o f r e lig io n m ust fir s t ta k e p la c e . . . .r e lig io n is th a t p s y c h o lo g ic a l phenom enon o f lif e w h ic h is in d is s o lu b ly b o u n d up w ith th e c o n v ic tio n th a t u n s e e n s u p e r-h u m a n p o w e r or po w ers e x is t, a n d c o n tro l th e d e s tin y of th e in d iv id u a l a n d th e r a c e , to whom m en m ay lo o k fo r s u c c o r or h e lp to c o n s e rv e th e v a lu e s th e y deem m ost p re c io u s an d w ith w hom th e y m ay h a v e f e llo w s h ip . ^ Parsons has g iv e n th e m ore s o c io lo g ic a lly o rie n te d d e fin itio n : R e lig io n is a s e t o f b e lie f s , p ra c tic e s a n d in s titu tio n s w h ic h m en h av e e v o lv e d in v a rio u s s o c ie tie s , so fa r as th e y can be u n d e rs to o d , as re s p o n s e s to th o s e a s p e c ts o f th e ir lif e and s itu a tio n w h ic h a re b e lie v e d n o t in th e e m p ir ic a l- in s tru m e n ta l sen se to be r a tio n a lly u n d e rs ta n d a b le a n d /o r c o n tr o lla b le , an d to w h ic h th e y a tta c h a s ig n ific a n c e w h ic h in c lu d e s som e k in d o f re fe re n c e to th e r e le v a n t a c tio n s a n d e v e n ts to m a n 's c o n c e p tio n of th e e x is te n c e o f a 's u p e rn a tu r a l' o rd e r w h ic h is c o n c e iv e d a n d f e lt to h a v e a fu n d a m e n ta l b e a rin g on m an 's p o s itio n in th e u n iv e rs e a n d th e v a lu e s w h ic h g iv e m e a n in g to h is fa te as an in d iv id u a l a n d his re la tio n s to his fe llo w m a n . A re lig io u s sys te m in c lu d e s : 1 . A m ore o r le s s in te g ra te d s e t o f b e lie fs c o n c e rn in g e n titie s w h ic h a re s u p e rn a tu ra l; s e t a p a rt from o rd in a ry o b je c ts a n d e v e n ts o f u t ilit a r ia n s ig n ific a n c e . 2 . A sys te m o f s y m b o ls , o b je c ts , acts, p e rs o n s , w h ic h h av e th e q u a lity o f s a c re d n e s s an d in r e la tio n to w h ic h m en e x p re s s th e e m o tio n a l s ta te s re le v a n t to th e re lig io u s s p h e re . 3 . A s et o f m ore o r less d e fin ite ly p re s c rib e d a c t iv it ie s (ritu a l) w h ic h a re in te rp re te d as im p o rta n t. 4 . Those w ho sh a re th e b e lie fs form a m o ral c o m m u n ity . ^A. R udolph U re n , R e cen t R e lig io u s P s y c h o lo g y , (T . a n d T . C la r k : E d in b u rg h , 1928), pp. 222 - 23. I 15 I 5 . A sen s e th a t m an 's r e la tio n to th e s u p e rn a tu ra l w o rld I m som e w a y In tim a te ly c o n n e c te d w ith h is m o ral i v a lu e s . By th is is m ean t th e n a tu re o f th e g o a ls fo r I w h ic h he is c a lle d upon to liv e an d th e ru le s o f c o n d u ct ] w ith w h ic h he is e x p e c te d to c o m p ly . ^ I i The re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n re lig io n a n d m o rals is in th e s h a rin g I o f b e lie f an d r it u a l. T h is im p lie s th a t "th e g ro u p 's re la tio n s h ip to the i I I s a c re d is in som e w a y in tim a te ly c o n n e c te d w ith th e g ro u p 's m oral 9 v a lu e s . The d ire c tio n o f th is re la tio n s h ip is n o t r e a lly k n o w n , but s im p ly c o n je c tu re . N o w th e q u e s tio n is "D o r e lig io u s b e lie fs o rig in a te | o u t o f th e m o ral v a lu e s o f th e c o m m u n ity or do th e m o ral b e lie fs th e co m m u n ity h o ld s sp rin g from re lig io u s v a lu e s th a t a re r e v e a le d to th e c o m m u n ity ? " E liz a b e th N o ttin g h a m co n ten d s th a t re g a rd le s s o f th e s e q u e n c e : . . . th e k in d o f re la tio n s h ip s th a t a p a r tic u la r group o f hum an b e in g s b e lie v e to e x is t am ong th e s a c re d b e in g s in th e u n s een w o rld , a n d a ls o b e tw e e n th e s e b e in g s an d hum an k in d , is o fte n re g a rd e d as th e id e a l p a tte rn of hum an r e la tio n s h ip 's th a t s h o u ld e x is t in s o c ie ty it s e lf . For in s ta n c e , a s h e e p -h e rd in g p e o p le m ay p ic tu re th e ir G od as th e G o o d S h e p h e rd , an d fo r th em th e d e v o tio n o f th e G ood S h ep h erd to h is sh eep b eco m es a t o n ce th e p ro to ty p e o f th e ir G o d 's re la tio n s h ip to th e m , h is w o rs h ip p e rs , an d a ls o an id e a l m odel o f th e ir o w n r e la tio n s h ip to o n e a n o th e r. O r a g a in , as w ith th e e a r ly H e b re w s , th e G od m ay be th e p ro to ty p e o f th e fie r c e tr ib a l p a tria rc h who w ill brook no r i v a l . ^ ^ ^ T a lc o tt P a rs o n s , " R e lig io u s P e rs p e c tiv e s o f C o lle g e T e a c h in g a n d S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y , " in R e lig io u s P e rs p e c tiv e s in C o lle g e T e a c h in g , e d . , H . F a ir c h ild (N e w H a v e n : R onald Press C o ., 1952), pp. 288-89. ^ E liz a b e th K . N o ttin g h a m , R e lig io n an d S o c ie ty , (N e w Y o rk: Random H o u s e , 1954), p. 7. Q fb id . 1 6 Out of th is c o n c e p tu a liz a tio n of the re la tio n s h ip of m orals to r e lig io n , comes one of the m ost p u z z lin g and e m o tio n al issu es to he ra is e d in th is th e s is : D o re lig io u s b e lie fs determ ine m oral a ttitu d e s or are m oral a ttitu d e s s y s te m a tiz e d and e x p la in e d by man in the form of a r e lig io n ? If n e ith e r determ in es the o th e r, are both the product of some th ird fa c to r? Y in g er presen ted a m odel o u tlin in g the m ajor th e o rie s concerning the re la tio n s h ip of m orals to re lig io n found in the lit e r a t u r e . Y in g er is persuaded th at there are four lo g ic a lly p o s s ib le re la tio n s h ip s b etw een re lig io n and m o ra ls . The firs t is th at m orals are an in s e p a r a b le part of re lig io n . He stated : To a great m any th-eologians and probably to the m a jo rity of the adherents of the w o rld r e lig io n s , m o ra lity is an in s e p a ra b le part of re lig io n . That the Ten C om m andm ents, fo r e x a m p le , m ost of w h ic h are m oral p resc rip tio n s and p ro s c rip tio n s , or the G o ld e n Rule are 'part o f m y re lig io n ' w o u ld seem to be obvio u s to m ost Jews and C h ris tia n s . They are a part of the la w s of G o d , and therefore a b s o lu te and u n ch an g in g . To some who take th is v ie w , m o ra lity is o n ly a p a rt, and o ften a sm all p a rt, of re lig io n . . . . R e li gion is fu n d a m e n ta lly the re la tio n of man to G o d , and if m oral b e h a v io r - the rig h t re la tio n o f man to man - is re lig io u s ly s ig n ific a n t, it is o n ly as a sign of the re la tio n of man to G o d . . . .T h e m oral as p e c t o f C h ris tia n ity w as not re p u d ia te d , but it was made w h o lly s u b s id ia ry . One co u ld hope that ju s tic e w o u ld be the re s u lt of a re lig io u s l if e , but it w as s c a rc e ly a d ire c t re lig io u s c o n c e rn . K ierkeg aard made som ething of the same response to w hat he co n sid ered the d rift o f the churches a w a y from the b a s ic re lig io u s ta s k . . . , in th e ir grow ing optim ism and concern for m aking th is life a happy o n e , the churches had forgotten the fu n d am en tal tra g ed y o f human e x is te n c e , a trag ed y from w h ic h man co u ld be resc u ed o n ly by G o d , I_ _ _ 17 by a purely r e lig io u s , not a m o ral, e ffo rt. To K ie rk e g a a rd , fa ith cam e f ir s t , m o ra lity second; and y et it w as 'a re a l second, ' for if re lig io n dethrones m o ra lity , it does not e lim in a te it . A second theory Y in g e r presented q u ite c le a r ly . . , . This is the b e lie f th at the tw o are not o n ly in s e p a r a b le , but in a v e ry re a l s e n s e , id e n tic a l. . . . M a n y w o u ld co n sid er th is to be the c la s s ic C h ris tia n v ie w , contending th at Jesus sought to e lim in a te a n y d u a lis tic approach to life : 'Inasm uch as ye h ave done it unto the le a s t of th e s e '; and p a rtic u la rly his d e c la ra tio n , fo llo w ing the statem en t of the fir s t C om m andm ent, th a t 'the second Com m andm ent is lik e unto it.1% "Even in its rud est fo rm " stated S m ith , " e a rly H e b re w re lig io n w as a m oral fo rc e , the pow ers th at men reve re d w ere on the sid e of s o c ia l and m oral law ; and the fe a r of the gods was a m o tive to enforce ] 3 the la w s of s o c ie ty , w h ic h w ere a ls o the law s of m o r a lit y ." ” Later on as Judaism d e v e lo p e d , the re la tio n s h ip was even c lo s e r. The m oral and re lig io u s life becam e n e a rly id e n tic a l. . . . A th ird b e lie f con cerning th e re la tio n o f re lig io n and m orals holds them to be sep arate and q u ite u n re la te d . . . . There are others who protest a g a in s t the m oral em phasis in re lig io n b ec a u s e th ey do not w ant re lig io u s san ctions to becom e in v o lv e d in the s e c u la r struggles of the d a y . . . . To the ' s e c u la r m o ra lis t, ' pow erful and ab s o lu te re lig io u s san ctions can o n ly serve to m ake rig id and . M ilto n Y in g e r, R e lig io n , S o c ie ty and the In d iv id u a l, (N e w York: The M a c M illa n C o . , 1 9 5 7 ), p. 2 4 . 1 ^Ib id . , p . 2 5. l^ W . Robertson S m ith , R e lig io n of the S e m ite s , (N e w York: M e rid ia n B o oks, 1 9 5 6 ), p. 5 3 . 1 8 . i no n ra tio n ai w hat needs to be fle x ib le and ra tio n a l. j M o r a lity requires in th e ir v ie w , continuous a d a p ta tio n to a changing s itu a tio n on the b as is of co n sta n t study and kn o w led g e of c o n s e q u e n c e s . 1 ^ C o rk e y summed up this p o s itio n w hen he stated that: The v a s t m a jo rity of C h ris tia n people w o u ld , I th in k , agree that it is p o s s ib le for a person to be lo y a l to his co n scien tio u s c o n v ic tio n s w ith o u t b ein g c o n s c io u s ly r e lig io u s . In d e e d , the c a p a c ity to re c o g n ize e th ic a l v a lu e s , and to a p p re ic a te the supreme p rin c ip le of m o ra lity , are c h a ra c te ris tic s of ev e ry tru ly ra tio n a l m in d . A man who rep u d iates re lig io u s b e lie f m ay thus;,, w ith in lim its , know w hat is good and m ay s triv e to liv e up to the demands of th at k n o w le d g e .!^ E lder fe lt th a t the p re v a ilin g pop ular theory of m orals is s t ill "the th e o lo g ic a l or re lig io u s o n e , n am ely: That men get th e ir ideas of good and e v il, rig h t and w ro ng, the la w s of moral c o n d u c t, by s crip tu ra l re v e la tio n s through the B ib le , p riests and c le rg y , and that co n s c ie n c e is G o d -g iv e n and so in re lig io n 's d om ain. " E ld er took is s u e w ith th is v ie w . H e b e lie v e d both m o ra lity and re lig io n to be o f n atu ral o rig in , and th erefo re argued lo g ic a lly that: . . . m o ra lity , as a s u rv iv a l e le m e n t, m ust have come fir s t so th at minds m ight em erge and su rvive to in v e n t (or not to in ven t) re lig io n - for the human m in d, n e w ly em erging and e v o lv in g from brutehood in w h ic h no g o d - idea had eve r as y e t e x is te d , did this by p ro je c tin g its own c o n s c io u s ly e x is te n t, c a u s a tiv e powers of d e s ire and w il l into the outer w o rld and p e rs o n a liz in g them th e re . M o r a lity th e re fo re , holds p rio rity o v e r, and so m ust be ^^Yinger, o ^ . c i t . , p. 2 6 . ^^Robert C o rk e y , _A Philosoph y of C h ris tia n M o ra ls for T o d a y , (London: G eo rg e-A llen and U n w in L td . , 1 9 6 1 ), p . 152 . I 19 I 1 If' I j a b s o lu te ly independen t o f r e lig io n . | I I I I I E lder made a very c o n v in c in g argum ent for the fa c t Liiat one | I could not c o n ceive of the Ten Com m andm ents o rig in a tin g w ith M o s e s . I I In the ad v an cin g c iv iliz a t io n into w h ic h M o s e s w as bo rn , it is h ard, | I I if not im p o s s ib le , to c o n c e iv e of the one thousand yea r o ld c i v i li z a - I tio n s o f E g yp t, B a b y lo n ia , Sumer and A s s y ria not havin g com parable j I la w s , e ith e r w ritte n or u n w ritte n to s u s ta in th e ir s o c ia l s ta b ility . I E ld er fe lt it w as a t th is p oint in tim e th a t the priesth o o d i j j "took o v e r” the custod y of m orals from the s o c ie ty it s e lf . I Y in g e r's fourth v ie w p o in t is th a t re lig io n is an in s e p a ra b le part of m o ra ls . Those who ta k e a fourth p o s itio n agree w ith the proponents of the firs t tw o that re lig io n and m o ra lity are c lo s e ly re la te d , but d iffe r in th e ir em phasis on m o ra lity as the sen io r p artn er. ^ ^ M a c lv e r and Page ag ree d w ith Y in g e r's c o n c e p tu a liz a tio n of the vario u s th e o re tic a l v ie w p o in ts , but w en t fu rth e r in d is tin g u is h in g the d iffe re n c e b etw een the re lig io u s id ea of sin and the m oral id ea of w ro n g . There is no c le a r -c u t lin e b e tw e e n m oral codes and re lig io u s p re s c rip tio n s , fo r th e y may be id e n t ic a l, m u tu a lly re e n fo rc in g , e n tire ly d is tin c t, or a n tith e tic a l. The re lig io u s idea of " s in ” is not synonym ous w ith the moral Id ea of _______ "w ro n g ", fo r the form er im p lie s sup ra-no rm (as w e ll, IG pred E ld e r, M o ra ls and R e lig io n , (N e w York: P h ilo s o p h ic a l L ib ra ry , I n c . , 1 9 6 3 ), pp. 24 - 2 5 . l^ Y in g e r, op. c i t . , p. 2 6 . ! i perhaps, as a s o c ia l norm) w h ile the la tte r im p lies o n ly I e v il s o c ia l r e s u lts . Y e t, an y g iven a c t m ay f a ll under I both p ro s c rip tio n s . I I ! It m ight be p o s s ib le to c la r ify th ese th e o re tic a l v ie w p o in ts by ! la ls ln g a contem porary q u e s tio n : Do lo c a l m orals em anate from the j I church or does the church fo llo w the p re v a ilin g m orals of the com m un- i I ity ? I I I . M o r a lity as the Agent E ffe c tin g R eligious System s I M o b erg saw the a ttitu d e s and ac tio n s o f church members as fo llo w in g those predom inant in th e ir com m unities and s o c ia l c la s s e s . To con tinue o p e ra tio n , a church must w in s u ffic ie n t new members to re p la c e those lo s t by d e a th , m ig ra tio n and other d ep artu res . This n e c e s s ita te s a p p e a lin g to approved life s ty le s and ch e ris h e d v a lu e s of people in the com m unity who o th e rw is e w o u ld brand the program , m e ss ag e, or w orship patterns as e c c e n tric , unAm erican or o th e rw is e o b je c tio n a b le . A ccom m odation to com m unity v a lu e s reduces the in flu e n c e of the church o ve r its m em bers. ^^ M o b erg goes on to say th at: . . . church members tend to re fle c t a ttitu d e s of p re ju d ic e and acts of d is c rim in a tio n w h ic h are in s titu tio n a liz e d in th e ir com m unity, for th ey are members of an e n tire s o c ia l s y s te m . W hen a group's roots are c h ie fly in a s p e c ific church or r e lig io n , the more e x c lu s iv e and s e c ta ria n the group, the stronger its p reju d ices a g a in s t non-m em bers are lik e ly to b e . The church as a w h o le , tends to re fle c t more than to co u n te ra c t the v alu es and custom s of s o c ie ty . ^^Robert M . M a c lv e r and C h arles H . Page, S o c ie ty : An In tro d u c to ry A n a ly s is , (N e w York: H o lt, Rinehart & W in s to n , I n c . , 1 9 3 7 ), pp. 1 6 9 -7 0 . D a v id O . M o b e rg , The C hurch as a S o c ia l In s titu tio n , (Englew ood C l i f f s , N e w Jersey: P r e n t ic e - H a ll, I n c . , 1 9 6 2 ), p . 3 9 2 . ■ 21 2 0 I even w hen th ey have a n t i-s o c ia l im p lic a tio n s . I E ld er has stated th a t, "R elig io n n ev er p rescrib es the m orals of a j \ I p e o p le . It acc ep ts and supports such m o ra litie s and im m o ra litie s as I 2 1 j lo c a lly and p o p u larly p re v a il. " j i Berger's th e s is can be summed up in his phrase th at "R eligion 1 I affirm s the O .K . w o r ld ," th at is , it supports the dom inant v a lu e s and I I 9 9 I in s titu tio n s o f s o c ie ty . I j Johnson made a d iv is io n o f the am ount of in flu e n c e the church I I has on the p u b lic in re la tio n to the s iz e of the re lig io u s bo d y. H e f e lt that it is in the r e la tiv e ly sm all sects th at the: . . . p ro p h e tic , re c o n s tru c tiv e genius of re lig io n m ost v ig o ro u s ly exp resses it s e lf . It is in th is realm th a t w e have the peace churches w h ic h defy the com m unity at the point of its g re a te s t s e n s itiv e n e s s - p a trio tis m and s e lf- d e fe n s e . But the m in uteness of the sm all sects renders th e ir im pact on the to ta l s o c ia l c o n s c ie n c e in c o n s id e ra b le . W h a t the la rg e , re p re s e n ta tiv e church body la c k s the d is p o s itio n to do in the w a y of s o c ia l re g e n e ra tio n , the s m all re lig io u s group la c k s the c a p a c ity to d o .^ 3 In a se e m in g ly co n tra d ic to ry s ta te m e n t, Johnson s a id , "It is by no m eans tru e , h o w ev e r, th a t g reat church bod ies cannot and do 2 4 not in flu e n c e the standards o f p u b lic m o ra lity in a s ig n ific a n t w a y . " ^ Q fb id . , p p . 4 4 7 , 4 7 5 . ^ ^ E ld e r, op . c i t . , p. 2 6 . 22p eter L. B erger, The N o is e of Solem n A s sem b lies , (G arden C it y , N e w York: D o u b le d a y and C o , , I n c . , 1961), p . 4 0 = 4 1 . 2 3 r. Ernest Johnson, "Do Churches Exert S ig n ific a n t In flu e n c e on Public M o r a lity ? " in The A nnals of the A m erican A cadem y of P o litic a l and S o c ia l S c ie n c e , Vol. 280 (M a r c h , 1 9 5 2 ), pp. 126 - 2 7 . ^ ^ Ib id . , p . 129. 22 j H e said th at even though th ese larg e d en om inations are too re p ré s e n ta - I I tiv e o f the w hole com m unity to be a "cru sad in g fo rc e " ex c e p t in I i I ! is o la te d in s ta n c e s , "th ey p la y th e ir part in liftin g the le v e l of common ' I lif e . " H ow do th ey m anage to do this when they "la c k the d is p o s itio n Î 1 I I to reg en erate s o c ie ty ? " Johnson an s w ered this by s ay in g th a t it is j ! ! I the chu rch's fu n ctio n to c re a te m oral a w a re n e s s . I I j I I I I I . L ite ra tu re on B ib lic a l Know ledge and the C h urch as a ! D e te rm in a n t of the M o ra l O rder I ---------------------------------- The present d is c u s s io n is an atte m p t to move from the th e o re tic a l le v e l and present h is to ric a l e v id e n c e , s c ie n t ific a lly g a th e re d , concerning the e ffe c t o f the B ib le , re lig io u s id e a s , and the chu rch, on the b e h a v io r of in d iv id u a ls in s o c ie ty . In 19 2 8 , a n o w -c la s s ic a l study in the area of re lig io u s m o ra lity w as pu b lish ed by H arts h o m e and M a y w h ic h co n clu d ed th at Protestants e n ro lle d in Sunday School w ere not s ig n ific a n tly d ifferen t in th e ir m oral b eh avio r (in th is case cheating) from those not e n ro lle d . Among Protestant denom inations a n a ly z e d s e p a ra te ly , more ch e atin g j than a v e ra g e , w hen in te llig e n c e was c o n tro lle d , was found among ] B a p tis t, Brethren and E p is c o p a l c h ild re n . Less than av e ra g e c h e atin g I I I occurred among C h ris tia n , C h ris tia n S c ie n c e , L u th e ra n , P re s b y te ria n I and Reformed c h ild re n . M e th o d is t groups w ere d iv id e d . The researchers state that " it is lik e ly th at th e s e v a ria tio n s re s u lte d less from d iffe re n t re lig io u s in flu e n c e s than from such a s s o c ia te d s o c ia l 23 I facto rs as p lace of b irth , a n c e s try , and s o c io -e c o n o m ic backg ro u nd . 1 I It w as im p o ssib le to accoun t fo r a ll d e n o m in a tio n al d iffe re n c e s on the ' b as is of s o c io -e c o n o m ic factors a lo n e . D iffe re n t e th ic a l standards I may p re v a il b etw een churches , e s p e c ia lly w hen n a tio n a lity and i ' 2 5 ! re lig io u s groupage are id e n tic a l and re in fo rc e each o th e r. " ! f I A second study w as p u b lis h e d tw o years la te r by H ig h to w e r in I w h ic h scores w ere co m p iled on B ib lic a l k n o w led g e tests and re la te d to scores on tests w h ic h w ere d es ig n e d to m easure c h e a tin g , ly in g , c la s s lo y a lty , a ltru is m , and te a c h e r's rating s on various conduct tr a its . The sam p le, w h ic h c o n s is te d o f 485 students in the 7th through 12th g ra d e s , was s e le c te d from p u b lic schools and schools for d e lin q u e n ts . The students w ere m atched as to in te llig e n c e , o c c u p a tio n , s o c io -e c o n o m ic c h a ra c te ris tic s , types of c o m m u n itie s , c h a ra c te r le v e ls , and s e x . The study re v e a le d no s ig n ific a n t re la tio n s h ip b etw een B ib lic a l in fo rm atio n and various phases of c o n d u c t. In other w o rd s , m ere B ib lic a l kn o w led g e d id not insure proper grow th in c h a ra c te r. H ig h to w e r's fin d in g s c o n tra d ic te d the w id e ly held b e lie f of the tim e th a t B ib lic a l k n o w led g e was in fa c t the s in g le most im portant determ in an t in the develo pm ent of a rig hteous ^^Hugh H arts h o m e and M a rk A . M a y , Studies in D e c e it , (N e w York: M a c M illa n C o . , 1 9 2 8 ), p p . 254 - 5 6 . ^ ^P lesant R, H ig h to w e r, B ib lic a l In fo rm atio n in R elatio n to C h a ra c te r and C o n d u c t, U n iv e rs ity of Io w a Studies in C h a ra c te r I I I N o . 2 , (Io w a C ity : 1 9 3 0 ). 24 and irrep ro ach ab le c h a ra c te r . | I To s u b s ta n tia te this p o in t, it was ju s t one y e a r p re v io u s , 1 9 2 9 , in w hich the Lynds p u b lish e d the fin d in g s o f th e ir study in M u n c ie , j 1 ! In d ia n a . The Lynds s a id that: j The aim s o f the Sunday School w ere v a rio u s ly s ta te d i by the m in is te rs : 'to m ake in te llig e n t, w e ll-in s tr u c te d | C h ris tia n s who have c o n v ic tio n s . ' 'To bring the pup ils | to C h ris t and te a c h them in C h ris t to be re a l w orking I C h ris tia n s . ' 'To develo p C h ris tia n c h a ra c te r through I B ib lic a l in s tru c tio n . ' 'To teach the c h ild re n rig hteous j l iv i n g .'^ 7 This is not to say th a t men previous to H ig h to w e r had not b e lie v e d nor s tated th is c o n c e p t. James, in The V a rie tie s of R eligious E x p e rie n c e , had s ta te d , "co n v erte d men as a c la s s are in d is tin g u is h a b le from 'n a tu ra l men' in th e ir fru its ; and no one ignorant of d o c trin al theo lo g y co u ld guess by mere e v e ry -d a y in s p e c tio n of the 'a c c id e n ts ' of the tw o groups o f persons before h im , th at th e ir 28 substance d iffe re d as m uch as d iv in e d iffers from human s u b s ta n c e ." On the other side of th is issu e are those who m ake a s c ie n tific cas e for the p o s itiv e e ffe c tiv e n e s s of the ch u rc h . One of those proponents is M a th ia s , who in 1943 w rote his d o c to ral d is s e rta tio n 29 on "Id eas of God and C o n d u c t." It was a fo llo w -u p study on the ^Robert S. Lynd and H e le n M . Lyn d , M id d le to w n , (N e w York: H a rc o u rt, Brace and C o . , 19 5 6 ), p. 3 8 3 . ^ ^ W illia m Jam es, The V a rie tie s of R eligious E x p e rie n c e , (N ew York: U n iv e rs ity B o o ks, I n c . , 1 9 6 3 ), p. 2 3 3 . ^ ^ W illls D . M a t h ia s , "Id e a s o f God and C o n d u ct" (U n p u b lis h e d I P h .D . d is s e rta tio n . Teachers C o lle g e - C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity , N e w 25 in d iv id u a ls studied by the C h a ra c te r Education In q u iry p ro ject under ! j H artsh o rn e and M a y . M a th ia s took the o rig in a l data c o lle c te d by I I H artsh o rn e and M a y and red u ced the in fo rm atio n into ideas o f God and I tw e lv e b eh avio r p a tte rn s . H e then o b ta in e d , from a sam ple of 268 I ju n io r age boys and g irls from N e w York and N e w Jersey, the same ! : in fo rm a tio n . H is in te n t was to secure "Id ea o f God" te s t scores and j b e h a v io ra l info rm ation from both pop ulations and to c o rre la te the j scores w ith the p a tte rn s . I I To obtain the vario u s id eas of G o d , a ll those in the M a th ia s ' sam ple w ere as k e d to w rite a fe w sen ten ces of th e ir own idea of G od. S e co n d ly, th ey w ere to draw a p ictu re w h ic h gave a pronounced idea of G o d . F in a lly , th ey w ere a s k e d to check a short set of 2 0 statem ents each sug gestin g some p a rtic u la r idea of G o d . For exam ple: God is lik e - a tra ffic po licem an a fa th e r a spy a m in is te r a ghost e t c . This w as scored on a fiv e point s c a le as fo llo w s : yes = +2; pro b ab ly yes = +1; d o n 't know = 0; p robably no = -1 ; no = - 2 , O th er parts of the "Id e a of G od" te s t in c lu d e d tw e n ty -fo u r statem ents to be m arked in the same w a y , d e a lin g w ith em o tio n al concepts o f G od such as fe a r , im p e rs o n a liz a tio n , love; a ll- p o w e r f u l n e s s , e t c . , and four paragraphs each te llin g a story w ith four to s ix I 26 I 1 I statem ents to be a n s w e re d a fte r each p arag raph. I i j The scores on the com po site "Id ea o f G od" te s t w ere c o rre la te d j w ith the p re v io u s ly e s ta b lis h e d b e h a v io r p a tte rn s . The various I patterns are repoi Led w ith the co rrelatio n s in T a b le 1. I M a t h ia s ’ fin d in g s w ere th at there w as a c o n s is te n t re la tio n s h ip J : b etw een conduct and com po site "Id ea of G o d " , and that lo w "Id e a of I God" scores com pared fa v o ra b ly w ith low conduct re c o rd s . This I means e s s e n tia lly th a t c h ild re n who tended to see God as u njust and I j who fe lt th at he was im p ersonal and not n e c e s s a rily pow erful in th e ir ! liv e s a ls o w ere less honest in and out of c la s s , w ere more s e lfis h in th e ir m otives and less co o p e ra tiv e w ith o th e rs . i M a th ia s ' study d iffe re d from the H artsh o rn e and M a y study in th at H artshorne and M a y su rveyed a church versus a n o n -ch u rch pop ulatio n to see if there was a n y d iffe re n c e in th e ir m oral b e h a v io r. M a th ia s ' study fo cu se d upon the kin d o f b e lie f system th ese students m a in ta in e d and then re la te d the b e lie f system s to co n d u ct. This d iffe re n c e in em phasis e x p la in s the s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e betw een I the fin d in g s of M a th ia s and those of H artsho rn e and M a y . I i Another study s im ila r to H artsho rn e and M a y 's was con ducted i ; by F rie d ric k s . F rie d ric k s co n clu d ed there w as no s u b s ta n tia tio n of the hyp oth esis th at "the in d iv id u a l who atte n d s church or synagogue TABLE 1 CORRELATION OF IDEA OF G O D W IT H C O N D U C T 27 B ehavior P a tte rn * N C orr 1. R esistatice to Suggestion 1 250 + .1 8 2 . Em otional S ta b ility 2 249 + .1 0 3 . C o o p eratio n 3 252 + .0 4 4 . H o n e s ty (cheatin g ) C lassro o m S itu a tio n 4 232 + .11 Hom e S itu a tio n 5 202 + .0 4 Party Gam es 6 245 + .0 7 A th le tic C o ntests 255 + .0 4 5. H ig h M o tiv e s 7 247 + .2 8 6 . S o c ia l F un ctioning C lub 107 + . 14 Church 102 + .1 7 S elf 202 + .2 5 7. School D eportm en t 8 257 - . 2 1 *T h e info rm ation b e lo w pertains to the k in d of te s t a d m in is te re d . 1. Shown picture and a lis t of su g gestio ns as to w h at it m ight re p re s e n t. 2. W oodw orth - M a th e w s Personal D a ta S h eet. 3 . E ffic ie n c y C o o p eratio n Test 4 . Students cou ld ch e at on the a n s w e r sheet w h ile s e lf- co rrectin g a read in g and s p e llin g te s t. 5. Students co u ld ch e a t on w ork done at hom e. 6. Student p la y in g pin the ta il on the donkey could see if he w is h e d through the b lin d fo ld . 7. C o o p e ra tiv e and u n s e lfis h m o tiv e s . 8. W h e n deportm ent marks are lo w , the com po site Id e a of G od score was als o lo w . 28 3 0 re g u la rly Is apt to be more a ltr u is tic than one w ho does n o t. " As in the H artsh o rn e and M a y stu d y , F rie d ric k s ' study d e a lt w ith "church goers" or the re lig io u s versus the "n o n -c h u rc h goers" or the n o n -re lig io u s . If such strin g en t c la s s ific a tio n s or c o n c e p t u a liz a tio n s of people as th e s e two p o lar co n cepts r e a lly do e x is t, w h at r e a lly d iffe re n tia te s them ? W h e th e r a person atte n d s church or not is , by it s e lf , an in s u ffic ie n t c rite rio n . If a s o c ia l s c ie n c e is to be encouraged , stu d ies w h ic h d iffe re n tia te peo p le s o le ly on the b as is of church atte n d a n c e or s im ila r d ia c ritic a o f doubtful v a lid it y , m ust be re p la c e d by stu d ies w h ic h m easure b e lie f system s if the fin d in g s are to be reported in terms of r e lig io s ity . A rece n t study by M id d le to n and Putney in v e s tig a te d the re la tio n s h ip b etw een re lig io n and m o ra lity through a com parison of the norm ative standards and b e h a v io r patterns of re lig io u s and O 1 s k e p tic a l in d iv id u a ls . j In the M id d le to n and Putney s tu d y , the d e lin e a tin g c rite ria ! w ere th re e -d im e n s io n a l. The three con structs w ere: F irs t, those whd I " b e lie v e in a p erso n al G o d ," versus a th e is ts , a g n o s tic s , and d e is t s . I Robert W . F rie d ric k s , "A lter Versus Ego: An E x p lo rato ry A s sess m e n t of A ltru is m , " A m erican S o c io lo g ic a l R e v ie w , V o l. 25 (A ugu st, 1 9 6 0 ), pp. 4 9 6 -5 0 8 . 31 R u ssell M id d le to n and S n ell P u tn e y, " R e lig io n , N o rm a tiv e S tan d ard s, and B e h a v io r," S o c io m e try , V o l. 25 (June, 1 9 6 2 ), pp. 1 4 1 -5 2 . 29 M id d le to n and Putney used this co n stru c t b ec a u s e th e y "have p re v io u s ly found th is m easure of r e lig io s ity to be c o rre la te d to o ther dim ensions of re lig io u s id e o lo g y . A second d im ension of r e lig io s ity was r itu a lis m , b a s e d on the d is tin c tio n b e tw e e n those who a tte n d e d church at le a s t once in tw o w eeks an d those who atte n d ed o n ly o c c a s io n a lly or n e v e r. The th ird m easure in v o lv e d in te n s ity or im portance of c o n v ic tio n as d eterm in ed by agreem ent or d isag reem ent w ith the statem en t: "R elig io n is one o f the most im portant th in g s in my l if e , " M id d le to n and Putney b e lie v e d th at the m ajor problem in previous studies w as a fa ilu re to d is tin g u is h tw o d iffe re n t types of e th ic a l standards - the a s c e tic and the s o c ia l. The d iffe re n c e b etw een the t w o , s ta te d the re s e a rc h e rs , w as th a t s o c ia l standards proscribe a c tio n s w h ic h in g e n e ra l are harm ful to the s o c ia l group, w h ereas a s c e tic standards not harm ful to the group, at le a s t in m o d eratio n , tend to be s p ir itu a lly harm ful to the p e rp e tra to r. W ith this d is tin c tio n , M id d le to n and Putney set out to te s t th e ir h y p o th e s is . Anonymous q u e s tio n n a ire s w ere a d m in is te re d to 260 m ale and 294 fe m a le c o lle g e students e n ro lle d in s o c ia l scie n c e c la s s e s at tw o state supported in s titu tio n s , one in F lo rid a and one in C a lifo rn ia . "The s tu d e n ts ," rep o rted the re s e a rc h e rs , "were 30 p red o m in an tly p ro te s ta n t, w h ite , m id d le -c la s s youths b e tw e e n the 32 I ages of 1 7 and 22 . " Each student was a s k e d to in d ic a te w h e th e r j I he w o u ld fe e l he was v io la tin g his own e th ic a l p rin c ip le s if he ! engaged in seven v io la tio n s of tra d itio n a l a s c e tic standards and I I seven v io la tio n s of common s o c ia l s tan d a rd s. S u b jects w ere a ls o i I a s k e d w h eth er or not th ey had eng aged in any of the ac tio n s during 1 I the previous three years . The fo llo w in g ta b le re v e a ls the percen tage I I of b e lie v e rs and s k e p tic s who b e lie v e d both a ctio n s w ere wrong who I I engaged in the a c tio n . The fo llo w in g is a sum m ary of the Research fin d in g s . B e lie v e rs , those who b e lie v e in a perso nal G o d , who a tte n d ed church at le a s t once in tw o w e e k s and who agreed w ith the s ta te m e n t, "R elig io n is one of the m ost im p ortan t things in my L i f e ," w ere more lik e ly than s k e p tic s , those w ho did not b e lie v e in a p erso n al G o d , who atte n d e d church o n ly o c c a s io n a lly or n e v e r, and who d is a g re e d w ith the statem en t "R elig io n is one of the most im portant things in I my l if e , " to regard a n t i-a s c e t ic ac tio n s as w rong, and th erefo re w ere I I less lik e ly than s k e p tic s to engage in th em . The reaso n fo r the 1 i g re a te r ten d en cy of ske p tics to v io la te a s c e tic norms w as due s im p ly j to th e ir g reater ten d en cy to re je c t th o se norm s. ^^ Ib id . , p. 143. [jMo oth er in fo rm atio n is g iven as to the r a c ia l or other s o c ia l c h a ra c te ris tic s of the sam ple by th e re s e a r c h e r s j s C Q g - S o J —I £ -1 ü M ta w O w s ro 1 1 O o ^ B S < co s o EH o < g 3 D O I — I a 3 S o § 5 W CO ^ > H O ^ ta w o ta E h Pi o E h s w ü iX w C L , - m (D lo £ C D u î (Ü en C D > o m C Q en ü CL C D c o en J - < 0 > 0 " 0 OQ en ü CL 0 en -K a s -K -k a en r o 4 -» u < 3 1 0- LO 0 LO LO| 0 OJ LO 0 03 0 1 — J 0 1 — 1 0 • 1 1 + + 1 + 1 + 4- 1 -f - 1 1 ^... \ 03 oT CD LO a? 0 LO 1 -1 CD 1 CD CD LO 0 . 03 co ' = ï ' CO CD 1 I —H 03 1 — 1 03 1 — 1 r —4 " >—r ' 1 LO co CD CD 0. CD CD CD 03 03 LO 0. 03 0 0 sr OS CD CD CD .-H co r—H r-4 CO 03 LO, 1 1 on 1 —4 co' cL I — 1 '=^ CO LO CD t , — 1 03 CO 03 03 CO 1 ' ' ' — ' '' — " r — 1 1 — 1 0. 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O. 00 0 1 0 . c o C O CM LO ' n T ' M ' CM e n £ 0 L _ X 0 0 x: d o e n d + - > 0 0 je o d lU en d £ 0 e n 0 d 0 ü P Q 0 0 T3 T3 d d 0 £ s 0 x : E -i 32 0 4 - 4 S d ' H • H 0 : 2 ^ 0 d e n o o S ^ s ïï s 4 > g 0 0 o 1 1 ! o 0 j e £ H ^ S | 1 g s £ i l î e n O e n d 0 e n e n e n d O ü 0 C L 3 | d £ ,_ , L - * 0 0 > 0 e n 0 LO 0 0 j e 0 e n j e U 4 - 4 4 - ) 4 - > C L 0 0 A / d e n 0 4 - > C J 0 <4-1 j e d 4 - 3 e n e n 0 e n 4 - > 0 0 ü e s 0 d > 0 d S - H 01 0 e s e n e r e n e n e s ■ a ü C C 7 » -H 2 - 2 ? g , e n 0 0 en g g f 2 0 > 1 0 ” 0 j e 01 Q g o j e e n C h 0 > 0 ” 0 J 3 d 0 j e 0 } - i 0 e n d 2 en 0 d g 4-4 ü 0 d d 0 0 ü ü d d g e n e n e n 0 - . o r - H Il II I I ! > r ' s f II II + + e n d O t n H . . S 3 M < O B -h -B c d d ^ < C < C c o C D C L 3 r o 0 0 • k ■ k - k 33 One s ig n ific a n t fin d in g of M id d le to n and P u tney's res e a rc h was that w hen s k e p tic s b e lie v e d the a n t i-a s c e t ic a c tio n s w ere w ro n g , th ey w ere no more lik e ly to engage in them than the b e lie v e r s . The I researchers reported th at the groups did not d iffe r from one an o th er in I I how o ften a n t i-s o c ia l a ctio n s w ere b e lie v e d to be wrong or in how I lik e ly each w ere to engage in them . N o r did the groups d iffe r in the j freq u en cy w ith w h ic h th ey v io la te d th e ir own s ta n d a rd s , a s c e tic or j s o c ia l, by engaging in ac tio n s w hich th e y th e m s e lv e s regarded as j w ro ng. W ith regard to a c tio n s w h ic h have an obvious harm ful im pact ! j on s o c ie ty , there w as lit t le or no apparent d iffe re n c e b etw een the b e lie v e rs and the s k e p tic s in e ith e r norm ative standards or b e h a v io r. The M id d le to n and Putney research supports a th e s is th at many th eo lo g ian s and s o c io lo g is ts have a c c e p te d fo r some tim e , that th ere has been a co n tin u e d s e c u la riz a tio n of m orals in our s o c ie ty to the point th at there is l i t t l e , if a n y , d iffe re n c e to d a y b e tw e e n those id e n tify in g th em selves w ith the church and those who do not, in a ttitu d e s or b e h a v io r. IV . The S e c u la riz a tio n o f M o ra ls S e c u la riz a tio n is "the lib e ra tio n of man from re lig io u s and m e ta p h y s ic a l tu te la g e , the turning of his a tte n tio n .a w a y from oth er 34 w orlds and tow ards this o n e . " ^ ^ H a rv e y C o x , The S e cu lar C it y , (N e w York; M a c M illa n C o . , 1 9 6 6 ), p. 15. ! j C o x s tated th a t, " It im p lie s a h is to ric a l p ro c e s s , alm o st 1 I ■ I j c e rta in ly irre v e rs ib le , in w h ic h s o c ie ty and c u ltu re are d e liv e re d from ; ! I I 3 5 ! 1 tu te la g e to re lig io u s control and c lo s e d m e ta p h y s ic a l w o rld v ie w s . " | ) I I W ith the trem endous changes made by some C h ris tia n d e n o m in - ! I ! I atio n s in d o c trin a l v ie w p o in ts , there has b e e n , acc o rd in g to 1 i i I j S c h n eid er, " . . .a n accom m odation in re lig io u s conduct and a c tiv itie s j I I j to the forces and in v e n tio n s of s e c u la r life to such a degree th at the I I I 3 6 1 p ra c tic a l m eaning and in flu e n c e of re lig io n has been re v o lu tio n iz e d . " j I The thrust of the forces of s e c u la r s o c ie ty upon the re lig io u s I I I I in s titu tio n cannot help but m ake an im p a c t. The in d iv id u a ls who | a tte n d church do not cea s e to becom e members of s o c ie ty e ith e r by h aving a re lig io u s life or by clo s in g the doors of the church b eh in d them one hour a w e e k . Herberg stated; The re lig io n w h ic h a c tu a lly p re v a ils among Am ericans to d ay has lo s t much of its a u th e n tic C h ris tia n c o n te n t. Even w hen th e y are th in k in g , fe e lin g , or a c tin g re lig io u s ly , th e ir t h in k in g , fe e lin g , and a c tin g do not b ea r an u n e q u iv o c a l re la tio n to the fa ith s th ey p ro fe s s . A m ericans th in k , f e e l, and a c t in term s q u ite o b v io u s ly s e c u la ris t at the v e ry tim e th at th ey e x h ib it e v e ry sign of a w id e s p re a d ^ Ib id . , p . 18. ^ ^ H erb ert W . S c h n eid e r, R e lig io n in T w e n tie th C e n tu ry A m e ric a , (C a m b rid g e , M a s s ; Atheneum P u b lis h e rs , 1 9 5 2 ), p. 12. i j re lig io u s r e v iv a l. | I The w id e ly h e ld b e lie f th at som ehow re lig io u s peo ple have ^ i I ! d iffe re n t b a s ic v a lu e s from n o n -re lig io u s people does not seem to h o ld . ! I 1 { In the U n ite d States to d a y , "Both the re lig io n is ts and the 's e c u la ris ts ' i I I I I ! ' ch e rish the same b a s ic v a lu e s and o rg an ize th e ir liv e s on the same i I I I fu n d am en tal assu m p tio n s: v a lu e s and assum ptions d e fin e d by the I ! A m erican W a y of L ife . " ^^ I I I M e rto n supported H e rb e rg 's th e s is in a s k in g the rh e to ric a l I i I q u e s tio n , "W h at is the evid e n c e in d ic a tin g th at 'n o n -re lig io u s ' p e o p le , i I s a y , in our own s o c ie ty , les s o fte n sub scrib e to c e rta in common 39 v a lu e s and ends than those d ev o te d to re lig io u s d o c trin e s ? " W h y has the s e c u la riz a tio n of m orals ta k e n p la c e w h ic h m akes the b e h a v io r and a ttitu d e s of the re lig io n is ts and the s e c u la ris ts in d is tin g u is h a b le ? The a n s w e r is tw o fo ld : f ir s t , the church is , in g e n e ra l, a c o n s e rv a tiv e force in s o c ie ty ra th e r than a re c o n s tru c tiv e force in s o c ie ty . As Johnson s ta te d , " In s titu tio n a l re lig io n has s a n c tifie d the u n iv e rs a l v a lu e s o f human e x p e rie n c e ^ 7 w ill H e rb e rg , P rotestan t - C a th o lic - J e w , (G ard e n C ity : D o u b le d a y and G o . , 1 9 6 0 ), p. 1 5 . ^ ^ Ib id . , p. 270 - 71 . Robert K. M e rto n , S o c ia l Theory and S o c ia l S tru ctu re, (G le n c o e , 111.: The Free P res s, re v is e d e d itio n , 1 9 5 7 ), p. 2 9 . 36 ! 40 i and has therefore been a ste a d y in g fo rc e . " Rather than e x e rtin g i ■ I le a d e rs h ip in c re a tin g human v alu es re le v a n t to to d a y 's w o rld , the I I church supports the e x is te n t v a lu e s of s o c ie ty , re in fo rc in g the i I ' status quo. I I I S econd, the church has fa ile d to change w ith the needs o f I i I s o c ie ty , and has co n tin u ed to focus upon in d iv id u a l m o ra lity rath er I I I than h elp in g d irect the s o c ie ty as a w h o le , to w ard more of a j i h u m an istic ethos . I ! I H erberg d ev elo p ed the th e s is this w a y . 1 I As A m erican s o c ie ty becam e more co m plex and as I P ro testan tism its e lf becam e more and more an in s titu tio n a l re fle c tio n o f c e rta in strata of m id d le -c la s s A m e ric a , the I re lig io u s in d iv id u a lis m rem ain in g from fro n tie r re lig io n began to serve as a m eans of ig n o rin g and evad in g the s o c ia l problem s that w ere a ris in g in the N e w A m erica % of big c itie s and modern in d u s try . P ro testan tism exh au sted its crusadin g s p irit in cam paigns to im prove in d iv id u a l m o ra lity , refu sin g to see th at the g e n u in e ly moral problem s of the tim e w ere s o c ia l problem s that co u ld not be a d e q u a te ly d ea lt*, w ith m erely from the standp oint o f p erso n al b e tte rm e n t. The v e ry su ccess of A m erican P rotestan tism in e v a n g e liz in g the e a rlie r A m erica ham pered ^its e ffe c tiv e n e s s in m eetin g the c h a lle n g e of the new t im e . ^ ^ The church is c u rre n tly in a tra n s itio n a l p e rio d , as is s o c ie ty , in w h ic h the em phasis o f the church is turnin g from a focus upon in d iv id u a l m o ra lity to s o c ia l re s p o n s ib ility . At th is tim e , h o w e v e r. ^'Pjohnson, o ^ . c i t . , p . 1 2 6 . H e rb e rg , o p . c it . , p . 1 1 6 -1 7 . 37 I b e c a u s e of its c o n s e rv a tiv e fu n c tio n a l ro le in s o c ie ty , the ch u rch 's I I b e lie f system defines w hat r e a lity is concerning s o c ie ty , in status I quo term s . I W illia m s has stated that: . . . the s o -c a lle d r e v iv a l of re lig io n in recen t years has been m arked by a stro n g ly in stru m e n ta l em phasis; R eligious b e lie f and p ra c tic e is a d v o c a te d b ec au se it promotes fa m ily u n ity , m en tal h e a lth , s o c ia l co n fo rm ity , or n a tio n a l lo y a lty . A part of the c arryo ver in th is tra n s itio n a l stage from the em phasis on in d iv id u a l m o ra lity is the a ttitu d e of s e lf-p u r ity . The church in the past has atte m p ted to bypass the " lo w ly " , "those in tro u b le " , e tc . , for fear that th e ir re s p e c ta b le p ro testan tis m m ight becom e co n tam in ated or ta rn is h e d . This stems from the b e lie f that the church is the c e n te r of m oral g o o d n ess . Today churches seem to a id the search for s o c ia l ad ju stm en t; to be a "re g u la r g u y " , to 43 a v o id the "dark side o f l i f e " . The em phasis of not g e ttin g o n e 's s e lf ta in te d w ith the e v ils of th is w o rld s t ill p re v a ils in most of our I I ! churches; p a rtic u la rly the fu n d a m e n ta lis t churches . A person who I is " o th e r-w o rld ly " or who b e lie v e s th is w o rld is e v il and no m atter ! w h at he does or w hat others do, it w ill s t ill get w o rs e , w ill probably ^^Robin M W illia m s , A m erican S o c ie ty , (N e w York: A lfre d A . Knoph, 19 6 0 ), p . 3 4 9 . ^^Berger, o p . c i t ., p. 4 6 . 38 not get in v o lv e d in its e v il. L e t’s pray about i t , a phrase heard q u ite often in fundam en tal is tic c ir c le s , m eans im m ed iate in a c tiv ity , i i T ro eltsch summed up the c o n s e rv a tiv e C h ris tia n a ttitu d e tow ard I I s o c ia l problem s at the turn of the century w hen he s ta te d te rs e ly th e ir I j s e n tim e n t, "These problem s belong to the w o rld and w il l p erish w ith : 44 1 the w o rld . " I In a study e n title d "The S o cio lo g y of Fun dam entalism : A j T y p o lo g ic a l A n a ly s is B ased on S e le c te d Groups in P o rtlan d , O regon, I and V ic in it y ," G u stafs o n was a b le to co n clu d e th a t, " . . .th e h y p o th e s ize d r ig id ity o f the fu n d a m e n ta lis t p e rs o n a lity is re v e a le d in the r ig id ity of the d o c trin a l norm w h ic h w as made the b a s is o f the c o n s e rv a tiv e [c a m p a ig n ] This r ig id , a u th o rita ria n , "unloving" a ttitu d e is in e x tric a b ly tie d up w ith a fe e lin g of being superior m o ra lly , th a t " rig h t, is w h at I d o ," th is b ein g the end re s u lt of an | I em phasis upon in d iv id u a l m o ra lity . This r ig id ity can be seen in the c o n s e rv a tiv e a ttitu d e tow ard the attem p t to m ake the C h ris tia n g ospel re le v a n t by the s o - c a lle d M o d e rn is ts . ^^Ernst T ro e lts c h , The S o c ia l T ea ch in g of the C h ris tia n C h u rc h , (London: G eorge A lle n and U n w in , L t d ., 1 9 3 1 ), 2 V o l., p. 58. "^^Cloyd V G u s ta fs o n , "The S o cio lo g y of Fu n d am en talism : A T y p o lo g ic a l A n a ly s is Based on S e le c te d Groups in P o rtlan d , O regon, and V ic in ity " (U n p u b lis h e d P h .D . d is s e rta tio n . U n iv e rs ity of C h ic a g o , C h ic a g o , 111. , 1 9 5 6 ), p . 1 8 9 , 39 ! "M o d ern ism is not e s s e n tia l C h ris tia n ity w ith a s lig h t I ! ad m ixtu re of error on m atters of tr iv ia l im p o rtan ce, but is the i j a n tith e s is of e ve ryth in g d is tin c tiv e ly C h ris tia n and is , th e re fo re , I to be com batted as a d ea d ly en em y. I The lib e ra l is not fre e from this same s e lf-r ig h te o u s , I I a u th o rita ria n , and le g a lis tic a ttitu d e . A ll m o ra lly good p e o p le , I reg ard less of re lig io u s id e n tific a tio n and a f filia t io n , seem to be 47 a ffe c te d by the a ttitu d e . i R einhold N ie b u h r lin k e d the lib e ra l w ith the problem of s e lf - I I rig h te o u sn e ss to contem porary m o ra lity in our s o c ie ty w hen he s ta te d , "The strictu res of S t. Paul a g a in s t the s e lf-rig h te o u s n e s s of the 'good" p eo ple of his day have a re le v a n c e to the m oral problem s of our own d a y , though this re le v a n c e is not understood in 48 lib e ra l C h r is t ia n it y ." Brunner has stated: It is th is v e ry e ffo rt its e lf , or ra th e r the assu m p tio n w h ic h is bound up w ith it, th a t the Good can be a tta in e d . . . jby o n e 's own m oral effor^, w h ic h is e v il. For th is is the e v id e n c e of s e lf-c o n fid e n c e , s e lf - s e c u r it y , s e lf-r e fe r e n c e . ^^John Bradbury, "W ho se N e w Testam ent ? " , W a tc h m a n - E x a m in e r, V o l. 31 (O cto b e r 2 1 , 1 9 4 3 ), pp. 10006 - 0 7 . ^ ^Richard C . B a ile y , "O n R ig id ity and R e lig io n ," Los A n g e le s , 1 9 6 4 . (M im e o g ra p h e d .) ^^R einhold N ie b u h r, The N a tu re and D e s tin y of M a n , (N e w York: •C h a rle s S c rib n er's Sons, 1 9 5 5 ), V o l. 1, p. 2 79. 4 ^ b e lie f in the pow er to redress the s itu a tio n fo r and by o n e s e lf. Therefore e v il does not come out m ost c le a r ly in its m ost natural fo rm , w here n atu ral m o ra lity looks for i t , nam ely in v ic e , in m oral rep ro b a tio n , w h ic h everyone can re c o g n ize as such , but it appears in the s e lf -r ig h t eousness of the le g a lis t, w h eth er the la tte r be a P h a ris e e , who regards h im s e lf as ju s tifie d in the sight of G od. . . or the m y s tic a l s a in t, who thin ks th a t he has tra v e rs e d a ll the stages of s a n c tific a tio n to the en d . This s e lf-c o n fid e n t march along a s e lf-c h o s e n path of rig h teo u sn ess is w h at Paul des crib e s as the 'rig h teo u s n ess of works.' or the 'rig h teo u s n ess of the la w ', . . . In the la s t resort it is p re c is e ly m o ra lity w h ic h is e v il; . . . le g a l ism is a lw a y s the w orst k in d of corruption; o r, in other w o rd s, the w orst s ta te of man is th at in w h ic h he has com p le te c o n fid en c e in h im s e lf, [ i . e . , in d iv id u a l m o r a lit y The c h ie f em phasis of the S c rip tu ra l e th ic m ust lie not in v ic to ry o ver la w le s s n e s s , but in the fig h t a g a in s t le g a lis m . The le g a lis tic typ e person find s it im p o s s ib le to come into re a l hum an, p erso n al c o n tac t w ith his fe llo w -m a n . Betw een him and his neighbo r there stands som ething im p e rs o n a l, the id e a , . . . the la w , a program , som ething ab s tra c t w h ic h hinders him from seein g the o th er person as he r e a lly is , w h ic h prevents him from h ea rin g the re a l c la im w h ic h his neigh b o r m akes on h im . It w as at th is point th at s o c io lo g is ts in te rp re te d the a ttitu d e in terms of its e ffe c t on s o c ie ty as a w h o le . W illia m s saw the re s u lt as a m oral o v e rs tra in in our s o c ie ty w h ic h has "a w id e range of con sequences in c lu d in g v a c illa tin g ^^Em il Brunner, The D iv in e Im p e ra tiv e , (P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .: The W e s tm in s te r P re s s , 1 9 4 7 ), p. 71 -3 . 41 b e h a v io r, s p lit b etw een theory and p ra c tic e , h y p o c ris y , and so on.^*^ Sorokin com es d ire c tly to the p oint in his o b e rv atio n s o f ; the a ttitu d e . G iv in g o n ly lip s e rv ic e to the suprem e in ju n c tio n of C h r is tia n ity , a ll- g iv in g and a ll-fo r g iv in g lo v e for G od and m an, and lit t le p ra c tic in g i t , th e y are the v ic tim s of th e ir own b e llig e re n c e and a g re s s iv e n e s s , h a tre d , greed and lu s t for pow er and o th er a n tis o c ia l and an tim o ra l tra its . M o b erg a ls o concurred: i The c o n servatis m of re lig io n has o fte n re s u lte d in \ re a c tio n a ry o p p o sitio n to a d v an cin g lib e r ty . The narrow [ s p irit of those P h arisees in Jesus' day who w ere so con cerned | I w ith the le tte r of the la w that th e y m is s e d its s p irit, has : been common among fu n d a m e n ta lis ts of a ll tim e s , p la c e s , I and r e lig io n s , I j Today a new la it y appears to be d e v e lo p in g in the churches w ith ^ a d iffe re n t mood from th e ir e a r lie r b re th re n . In m any s itu a tio n s the : new la it y , re s p o n s ib le to the needs o f s o c ie ty , th reaten s the m in is te r's authority and arouses his concern b e c au se th e y seem to 53 "conform so e a s ily to s e c u la r pressures and p r e ju d ic e s ." W ith the further s e c u la riz a tio n of m o ra ls , the le g a lis tic | I m in is te r fears for his s h e ep , "the la it y , liv in g and w o rkin g in the t ^ O w illia m s , o j^ . c U . , p . 4 2 5 . i ^^P iritim A . S o ro k in , The Reco n stru c tio n o f H u m a n ity , (Boston: Beacon P res s, 1 9 4 8 ), p. 4 3 . M o b e r g , o ^ . c i t . , p . 1 7 9 . c o I Paul H a rris o n , "C hu rch and the L a ity Among P ro te s ta n ts , " The A nnals of the A m erican A cadem y o f P o litic a l and S o c ia l S c ie n c e , . V o l. 332 (N o v e m b e r, 1 9 6 0 ), p p . 46 - 4 7 . I 4 2 1 I w o rld , w h ich d a ily ex p e rie n c e s the deep g u lf b e tw e e n w h at the church ' stands for and w hat the w orld drives a t . [ i . e . , m a te ria l s u c c e s s ] i ' H e sees them m oulded, m an g led , con fused or s u ffo c a te d by the I I dom inant trends of th o u g lil. " I I I C o x , a spokesm an for the new la it y , has stated : I j N o w onder the re lig io u s com pu lsion of m an, w h eth er Î in its m y th o lo g ic a l or in its m e ta p h y s ic a l form , has n e v e r been I too happy w ith Jesus. In Jesus, God re fu ses to f u lf ill I e ith e r trib a l e x p e c ta tio n s or p h ilo s o p h ic a l qu an d eries . I As B onhoeffer s a y s , in Jesus, G od is te a c h in g man to get along w ith o u t H im , to becom e m atu re, fre e d from in fa n tile d e p e n d e n c ie s , f u lly hum an. H e w ill not p erp e tu a te human a d o le s c e n c e , but in s is ts on turning the w h o le w o rld over to man as his re s p o n s ib ility . And man can o n ly be re s p o n s ib le for som ething BEFORE som eone. There, th e re fo re , can be no re la tio n s h ip to God w h ic h does not in clu d e a re la tio n s h ip to m a n . This in d e e d , in the eyes of the new la it y , is the G o sp el; a fre e in g o f man from the s tiflin g re lig io u s m o ra lity that has b o u n d him in c e s s a n tly to h im s e lf. The new m o ra lity , now ta k in g its p la c e in s o c ie ty , co u ld have fa r-re a c h in g e ffe c ts upon our in s titu tio n s . E c o n o m ic a lly , the I j ra m ific a tio n s m ight be a re th in k in g of our v e ry core con cept of I ! J c a p ita lis m . In the fa m ily , the trend m ight move in a d ire c tio n of a j ! I ' sharing of the d e c is io n -m a k in g process o f the parents w ith the ! I H e n d ric k K raem er, A T heolog y of the L a it y , (P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .: ; W e s tm in s te r P re s s , 1 9 5 8 ), pp. 1 1 3 -1 4 . 1 5 c C o x , o p . c i t . , p p . 22 6 - 2 7. I I I c h ild re n in an attem p t to dev elo p re s p o n s ib ility . P o litic a l r a m ifi- 1 I catio n s reach from a w id e r use of the tow n m eetin g at the lo c a l : le v e l, to a re s p o n s ib le u n iv e rs a l governm ent. E d u c a tio n a lly , one I m ight im agine the students being heard , and e d u catio n becom ing I re le v a n t and re s p o n s ib le to the needs of free s tu d e n ts . As fo r the I I in s titu tio n of re lig io n , m ovem ents can a lre a d y be seen w h ic h are I j attem p tin g to d es o lv e the a r t if ic ia l b arriers th at e x is t w h ic h c rea ted ! I and su s tain the d en o m in a tio n a l s tru c tu re . I H . Richard N ie b u h r has stated: i I The e v il of d en o m in a tio n a lis m lie s in the co n d itio n s I w h ic h m akes the ris e o f s ec t d e s ira b le and n ec essa ry : in the fa ilu re of the churches to tra n sce n d the s o c ia l co n d itio n s w h ic h fash io n them into c a s te - o rg a n iz a tio n s , to su b lim ate th e ir lo y a ltie s to standards and in s titu tio n s o n ly re m o te ly re le v a n t if not con trary to the C h ris tia n id e a l, to r e s is t the tem p ta tio n of m aking th e ir ow n s e lf-p r e s e r v a tio n and e x te n s io n the prim ary o b je c t o f th e ir en d e a v o r. The d om ination of c la s s and se If-p r e s e r v a tiv e church eth ics o ver the e th ic s o f the g ospel must be h eld re s p o n s ib le for much of the moral in e ffe c tiv e n e s s of C h ris tia n ity in the W e s t. D e n o m in a tio n a lis m thus re p re sents the m oral fa ilu re o f C h ris tia n ity . The road to u n ity demands a re s o lu te turnin g a w a y from a ll those lo y a ltie s to the le s s e r v a lu e s of the s e lf, the d en o m in a tio n , and the n a tio n , w h ic h deny the in c lu s iv e n e s s of d iv in e lo ve.'^^ V. Summary I t was the purpose of th is ch a p te r to re v ie w the lite ra tu re d es crib in g the re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n m o ra lity and re lig io n , and to ■ 43I Richard N ie b u h r, The S o c ia l Sources o f D e n o m in a tio n a lis m j (C o n n e c tic u t: The Shoe String P ress, 1 9 2 9 ), pp. 2 1 , 2 5 , 2 6 4 . | I 44 ! I a n a ly z e and discu ss rese arc h re le v a n t to the su b je c t a re a . I j S ectio n one has d e a lt w ith the two b a s ic con cepts in th is j I I I I i re s e a rc h , m o ra lity and r e lig io n . D e fin itio n s w ere g iv e n , an d four | ! I I b a s ic re la tio n a l patterns w ere d iscu ssed ; F irs t, th at m o ra lity is an | i in s e p a ra b le part of re lig io n , w ith the em phasis upon re lig io n as ! I I I su p erior p o s itio n a lly ; S econd, that m o ra lity and re lig io n are id e n tic a l ' I I I in eve ry resp e ct; Third, that m o ra lity and re lig io n are u n related ; and I I I I fo u rth , that re lig io n is an in s e p a ra b le part of m o ra lity . The d iffe re n c e I j ! j b e tw e e n the fourth and firs t co n c e p tio n is th at those who h old to the ! ! j fourth v ie w see m o ra lity as su p erio r p o s itio n a lly . S e ctio n two exp anded on th is fourth v ie w by d e a lin g w ith m o ra lity as the agent e ffe c tin g re lig io u s system s; the b a s ic co n ten tio n b ein g th at fo r the most part re lig io n a cc ep ts and supports the m o ra litie s w h ic h p re s e n tly and lo c a lly e x is t. S e ctio n th ree exp an d ed on the fir s t v ie w of the re la tio n s h ip b etw een m o ra lity and re lig io n . B ib lic a l k n o w led g e and the church [ i . e . , r e lig io n ] , as d eterm in ants of the m oral o rd er. The fourth s e c tio n atte m p te d to show the im p act of the s e c u la riz a tio n of m orals in contem porary s o c ie ty . 45 j CHAPTER I I I I THE RESEARCH D E S IG N I I The o r ig in a l in Lent o f th e re s e a rc h a n d m a in pu rp o se o f th is i ! s tu d y w as to a s c e r ta in w h e th e r p ro te s ta n ts w ho w e re lib e r a ls , I I m o d e ra te s , o r fu n d a m e n ta lis ts d iffe re d from one a n o th e r in th e ir 1 I ' m o ral a ttitu d e s , an d to d e te rm in e i f th e s e m o ral a ttitu d e s w e re j I r e fle c tiv e o f d iffe re n c e s in v a rio u s s o c ia l c h a ra c te r is tic s or w h e th e r th e y w e re due m a in ly to a p o la r iz a tio n o f th e ir re lig io u s b e lie fs . I M e th o d o lo g y The f ir s t s te p w as to d e c id e how la rg e th e s a m p le c o u ld be and s t il l re m a in w ith in th e b u d g e te d te m p o ra l a n d f in a n c ia l c irc u m s ta n c e s . I t w as d e c id e d to s e le c t a rando m sam p le o f f if t y p ro te s ta n t ch u rc h es in Long B e a c h , C a lifo r n ia . T h is re p re s e n te d a p p ro x im a te ly o n e - th ird o f th e one hun d red an d fo r ty -s e v e n p ro te s ta n t c h u rc h e s lis te d in R. L* P o lk 's 1964 Long B each C ity D ir e c to r y . A ta b le o f random num bers w ere u s e d to s e le c t th e ch u rc h es to be u s e d in th e s tu d y . A te le p h o n e c a ll w as m ade to e a c h of th e p a s to rs o f th e f if t y ch u rc h es s e le c te d fo r th is t h e s is , e x p la in in g th e s tu d y a n d s o lic itin g th e ir h e lp . P rev io u s s tu d ie s h a v e re v e a le d th a t th e p e rc e n ta g e o f re tu rn s 5 7 w as in c re a s e d s in g ific a n tly if an in te rc e s s o r w e re u s e d . F o rty -n in e ^^R obert A . D a v is a n d E d w in L . B a rro w , "A C r it ic a l S tu d y o f th e j Q u e s tio n n a ire in E d u c a tio n , " E d u c a tio n a l A d m in is tra tio n a n d S u p e rv is io n V o l. 21 (1 9 3 5 ), p . 1 4 0 . i I 4 6 I I m in is te rs a g re e d to c o o p e ra te in th e s tu d y , an d in one o f th e j I I . C h ris tia n S c ie n c e ch u rc h e s (w h ic h do n o t h a v e m in is te rs as s u c h ), | I I j th e c le rk o f th e ch u rc h w as c o n s u lte d and he had to c o n ta c t th e B o ard . ■ I ; [ The s tu d y w as e x p la in e d , an d th e ro le th e m in is te r w as to p la y , ' I ; . t I in th e s tu d y w as d is c u s s e d w ith e a c h m in is te r . U p o n th e c o m p le tio n | t I 1 o f th e in it ia l te le p h o n e c o n ta c t, th e f if t y p a c k e ts w e re sen t o u t to th e , I I ' I I v a rio u s m in is te rs b e g in n in g th a t w e e k . E ach p a c k e t c o n ta in e d a I I I I le tte r o f tra n s m itta l [s e e a p p e n d ix a ] w ith in s tru c tio n s as to th e I I m in is te r's r o le , an d a q u e s tio n n a ire c o n ta in in g th e F u n d a m e n ta l- | i : I I L ib e ra l s c a le , h e re a fte r re fe rre d to as th e F - L s c a le [s e e a p p e n d ix b] . I A ls o e n c lo s e d w ith th e a b o v e tw o ite m s w e re fiv e 4" x 9 " s e lf - a d d re s s e d an d p re -s ta m p e d re tu rn en velo p es w h ic h c o n ta in e d a c o v e r le tt e r o f tra n s m itta l [s e e A p p e n d ix C j to th e la y m e n , one q u e s tio n n a ire c o n ta in in g b o th p a rts , th e F - L s c a le a n d th e M o ra l A ttitu d e s c a le [h e r e a fte r re fe rre d to as th e M -A s c a l ^ , an d a " s o c ia l c h a ra c te r is tic s " in fo rm a tio n c a rd . I The m in is te r w as a s k e d to s e le c t fiv e in d iv id u a ls whom he I f e lt b e s t re p re s e n te d th e b e lie fs a n d a ttitu d e s o f h is c h u rc h , and th e n , I j h a n d in g them a q u e s tio n n a ire , to a s k them to f i l l it o ut as h o n e s tly I j as p o s s ib le , an d drop it in to th e m a il b o x . M a n y s m a ll d e ta ils w e re c a r e fu lly o b s e rv e d ; fo r e x a m p le , th e | i c o lo r o f th e stam p on th e re tu rn e n v e lo p e . The d e s ire w as to m a x im iz e | I 47 ! ; th e p e rc e n ta g e o f re tu rn s on a m a ile d q u e s tio n n a ire . An e n u m e ra tio n : o f som e o f th e te c h n iq u e s ta k e n in to c o n s id e ra tio n to a s s u re a i ! s u c c e s s fu l s tu d y are p re s e n te d a t th is p o in t. I I The le tte r o f L ra n s m ttta l, o r c o v e r le tt e r , had to be im p re s s iv e I I w h en f ir s t s e e n . It w a s , th e re fo re , d e c id e d to use a U n iv e r s ity I le tte rh e a d w ith th e le tt e r p rin te d . The le tte r w as b r ie f, one p a g e , I w ith th e e s s e n tia l p re lim in a ry in fo rm a tio n : A s ta tm e n t o f p u rp o s e , I I w ho w as sp o n so rin g th e s tu d y , w h y th e re s p o n d e n t s h o u ld b o th e r to | I a n s w e r, an d th e uses to w h ic h th e d a ta w e re to be p u t. In a p p e a lin g to th e re s p o n d e n t, G oode a n d H a tt h a v e s a id th a t one m u s t, " a p p e a l to h is s e n se o f a ltr u is m , to m ake th e a p p e a l m ost e ffe c tiv e fo r th e group he is in v e s tig a tin g , an d g iv e a g u a ra n te e o f a n o n y m ity . " An a tte m p t w as m ade to fo llo w th is p a tte rn . The re s p o n d e n t w as a s s u re d th a t h is q u e s tio n n a ire w o u ld not be m ade kn o w n to a n y o n e , in c lu d in g th e m in is te r , nor c o u ld th e re s e a rc h e r kn o w h is id e n tity s in c e th e m in is te r had s e le c te d him s e c r e tly a n d th e re s p o n d e n t h im s e lf m a ile d th e q u e s tio n n a ire . T h is g u a ra n te e d th e re s p o n d e n t p e rfe c t a n o n y m ity . D e s p ite th is f a c t , th e s tu d y c a n be r e p lic a te d u s in g th e sam e in d iv id u a ls [s e e pag e 49 fo r an e x p la n a tio n o f th is p o in t]. The le t t e r , th e n , in c a r e fu lly w r itte n , s im p le la n g u a g e . ^ ^ W illia m J. G oode an d P a u l H a tt , M e th o d s in S o c ia l R e s e a rc h , (N e w Y o rk : M c G r a w - H ill Book C o . , I n c . , 1 9 5 2 ), p p . 177 - 7 8 . I g a v e s p e c ific , to th e p o in t in s tru c tio n s as to how th e q u e s tio n n a ire I : w as to be f ille d out an d a s ta te m e n t w h ic h s a id , " If a t a l l p o s s ib le , ! p le a s e do not w a it u n til la te r to do t h is . S tu d ie s w e have done In th e I ! I p a s t re v e a le d th a t if a p erso n w a ite d to a n s w e r a q u e s tio n n a ire , it I I u s u a lly s lip p e d h is m in d , an d w e c o n s id e r e v e ry q u e s tio n n a ire in th is I s tu d y to be im p o rta n t. " 1 I I The n o rm al p ro ce d u re w as fo llo w e d o f in c lu d in g a s e lf - a d d re s s e d , p re -s ta m p e d re tu rn e n v e lo p e w ith one e x c e p tio n ; G o o d e an d H a tt fo u n d in re s e a rc h in g th e a v a ila b le d a ta th a t a re g u la r stam p a ffix e d to th e e n v e lo p e is m ore e ffe c tiv e th a n p rin te d p o s ta g e or S 9 p o s ta g e from a m a ilin g m a c h in e . F u rth e r, P a rte n fo u n d th a t b rig h tly c o lo re d stam ps in c re a s e d th e re tu rn , an d a ls o th a t com m em or a tiv e stam ps o v e r re g u la r stam ps h ad a p o s itiv e e ffe c t on re tu rn s . T h e re fo re , a b rig h tly c o lo re d re d , b lu e , w h ite a n d b la c k s ta m p , w h ic h w as a m odern a rt re p rin t o f a P ic a s s o p a in tin g co m m em o ratin g th e fin e arts, w as u s e d . D a ily reco rd s on th e re tu rn s w e re k e p t as n o te d in fig u re t w o . B e tw e e n th e 2 5th o f F e b ru a ry an d th e 7th o f M a r c h , 19 6 5 , the p a c k e ts w e re s e n t to th e m in is te r s . The f ir s t q u e s tio n n a ire s w ere ^^Ib td . , p . 1 7 9 . M ild r e d B P a rte n , S u rveys , P o lls , a n d S a m p le s : P ra c tic a l P ro c e d u re s , (N e w Y o rk : H a rp e r and B rothers , 1 9 5 0 ), C h a p . I I . 49 re tu rn e d tw o days a fte r th e y w e re m a ile d . By th e end o f th e f ir s t w e e k , on th e s ix th d a y , o n e -fo u rth o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire s had b e e n re tu rn e d . W ith in te n d a y s , o n e -h a lf o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire s h ad b e e n r e c e iv e d . The p e a k d ay o f retu rn s w as the s e v e n th d ay a fte r m a ilin g b e g a n . F o llo w -u p Three fo llo w -u p s see A p p e n d ix D , p p . 1 1 2 -1 3 w e re m a d e . E ach q u e s tio n n a ire had b e e n n u m b e re d , an d a re c o rd o f th o s e se n t to e a c h ch u rch w as k e p t. I t w as k n o w n , th e re fo re , from w h ic h c h u rc h , and how m an y in d iv id u a ls had not re tu rn e d th e q u e s tio n n a ire s . The f ir s t fo llo w -u p card s w e re m a ile d on th e 1 8 th , 1 9 th , a n d 2 0th o f M a r c h . The se c o n d on th e 6th an d 7th o f A p r il. A th ird f o llo w -u p , a te le p h o n e c a l l , w as m ade to th o s e m in is te rs w h o s e m em bers had not re tu rn e d a ll q u e s tio n n a ire s b y th e 17th o f A p r il. W h e n re tu rn s b e g a n d ro p p in g o f f , th e fo llo w -u p a c tio n b e g a n . T h ere w e re 3 00 q u e s tio n n a ire s s e n t o u t. F ifty m in is te rs re c e iv e d one e a c h an d tw o -h u n d re d a n d f if t y la y m e m b e rs , fiv e in e a c h c h u rc h , re c e iv e d one e a c h . O f th e 250 q u e s tio n n a ire s g iv e n to th e m e m b e rs , 178 o r 7 1 .2 % w e re re tu rn e d . T h ere w e re no r e fu s a ls . In th e c a s e o f fiv e c h u rc h e s , th e m in is te rs d id not hand o u t th e q u e s tio n n a ire s , one w e a k n e s s o f th e lia is o n d e s ig n , nor d id a n y o f th o s e fiv e m in is te rs re tu rn th e ir ow n q u e s tio n n a ire s . O ne D o I — I g Q § B -i S o o B-I o g s o o o < O D < S % 2 E-i S î= ) O' S § B -i ë P h O e c î H C Q Î3 s o co o o 00 o o (NI LO IN. 00 O LO - s ; (NI i-, 50 o co LO (NI O CM LO O LO o j 5:1- ! i o th e r m in is te r c o m p le te d an d re tu rn e d h is o w n , b u t d id n ot g iv e o ut 1 th e q u e s tio n n a ire s to th e fiv e m em bers o f h is c o n g re g a tio n . In one o th e r c a s e th e c h u rc h b o ard re fu s e d p e rm is s io n fo r th e c le rk to d is t r i- I I b u te th e q u e s tio n n n a ire s am ong the c o n g re g a tio n , th o u g h in a n o th e r chu rch o f the sam e d e n o m in a tio n , a ls o h a v in g no m in is te r , th e c le rk j an d a l l fiv e c o n g re g a tio n a l m em bers re tu rn e d th e ir q u e s tio n n a ire s . j O f th e f if t y m in is te r s , fo r ty -tw o or 84% re tu rn e d th e q u e s tio n n a ire s , ! s e v e n d id not r e p ly an d one re fu s e d . A to ta l o f 22 0 q u e s tio n n a ire s I j w e re re tu rn e d w h ic h is an o v e r a l l 7 3 .3 % re tu rn a n d a s a m p le lo s s of j 2 6 .7 % O f th e 178 q u e s tio n n a ire s re tu rn e d by th e la y m e m b e rs , one m is s e d one pag e o f th e M -A S c a le an d one o th e r c o m p le te d o n ly the s o c ia l c h a r a c te r is tic c a rd . The fin a l s a m p le u s e d c o n ta in e d 176 la y re s p o n d e n ts . The fo r ty -tw o q u e s tio n n a ire s re tu rn e d b y th e m in is te rs w il l be d is c u s s e d la te r in th is c h a p te r (s e e p ag e 54 J , an d in c h a p te r IV [s e e page 90 I I The R e search In s tru m e n t j I The b ac kg ro u n d in fo rm a tio n d e s ire d fo r th is s tu d y w as s o lic ite d | i ! b y m eans o f a 3" x 5" c a rd j^ e e A p p e n d ix E , p .ll^ j. | S o c ia l C h a r a c te r is tic s Q u e s tio n n a ire 1 B ackgroun d in fo rm a tio n a b o u t tw e lv e s o c ia l c h a ra c te ris tic s | w as s o u g h t. The c h a r a c te r is tic s w e re : 5 2 A ge Sex M a r it a l S ta tu s ' E d u c a tio n I P a ro c h ia l S c h o o lin g L en g th o f P a ro c h ia l S c h o o lin g j O c c u p a tio n ; B irth p la c e ! R e s id e n tia l O w n e rs h ip ! F a m ily In c o m e j C la s s j P o litic a l C a te g o ry | Tw o a d d itio n a l q u e s tio n s w e re a ls o in c lu d e d in th e s tu d y : (1) p re s e n t ! d e n o m in a tio n ; an d (2) a q u e s tio n a s k e d a t th e en d o f th e F - L s c a le fo r p u rp o ses o f v a lid a tin g th e s c a le . The F u n d a m e n ta l-L ib e ra l S c a le The re s e a rc h in s tru m e n t it s e lf c o n s is te d o f tw o s c a le s [s e e A p p e n d ix B, p p . 1 0 6 -0 9 J w h ic h w e re e s p e c ia lly c o n s tru c te d fo r th is s tu d y . S c a le o n e , th e F u n d a m e n ta l-L ib e ra l S c a le , c o n ta in e d 22 q u e s tio n s and w as th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le in th e s tu d y . The f ir s t s e c tio n r e la te d to o n e 's b e lie f s y s te m , an d w as co m p o sed o f q u e s tio n s 1 an d 2 , 4 th ro u g h 1 0 , 13 through 17 a n d 20 th ro u g h 2 2 . The s e c o n d s e c tio n r e la te d to th e d eg re e o f r e lig io u s p a r tic ip a tio n . Th is s e c tio n in c lu d e d q u e s tio n s 3 , 11 an d 1 2 , an d 18 and 1 9 . The L ik e rt s c a lin g te c h n iq u e w as u s e d in th e fir s t s e c tio n o f the s c a le . The re s p o n s e c a te g o rie s w e re S tro n g ly A g re e , A g re e , U n d e c id e d , D is a g re e , a n d S tro n g ly d is a g re e . The s e c tio n r e la tin g to th e d e g re e o f p a r tic ip a tio n u se d th e L ik e rt p rin c ip le b u t th e g iv e n re s p o n s e s w e re a lte re d to c o rre s p o n d 53 ' w ith th e tim e p e rio d in v o lv e d [ i . e . , d a y s , w e e k s , m o n th s , an d ■ y e a r s ] . A ll q u e s tio n s w e re s c o re d 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 w ith th e e x c e p tio n I ! o f q u e s tio n fo u r w h ic h w as n e g a tiv e ly w o rd e d a n d th e re fo re s c o re d ! 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . A 5 , or s tro n g ly a g re e re s p o n s e , w as th e fu n d a - Î j m e n ta lis t p o s itio n . A ll tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s u s e d in th e F - L s c a le 1 I w e re o rig in a l q u e s tio n s . The re s e a rc h e r s p e n t fiv e y e a rs as a j p a rtic ip a n t o b s e rv e r im m e d ia te ly p re c e d in g th e s tu d y , in both I fu n d a m e n ta lis t c h u rc h e s [ f o r th re e y e a r s ] , a n d lib e r a l c h u rc h es I [ t w o y e a r s ], g a th e rin g in fo rm a tio n w h ic h d is tin g u is h e d th e tw o g ro u p s . The k e y p h ras es u s e d in th e F - L s c a le w e re a u to m a tic re s p o n s e s by m any to th e le a d in g q u e s tio n g iv e n . Th is m eth o d o f g a th e rin g s c a le item s is in a c c o rd a n c e w ith w h a t T h u rs to n e c o n s id e rs th e " id e a l s c a le . The re s e a rc h w as re w a rd in g in th a t th e s c a le a p p e a re d to be v a lid in d iffe r e n tia tin g lib e r a ls from fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . The re s p o n d en ts th e m s e lv e s in d ic a te d th a t th e s c a le , in th e ir o p in io n , a d e q u a te ly ! m eas u red one w ho w as a fu n d a m e n ta lis t as o p p o s e d to one w ho w as I n o t. I E ig b ty p e r c e n t o f th o s e th a t th e s c a le d e fin e d as fu n d a m e n ta lis ts | c la s s if ie d th e m s e lv e s as fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , an d th e p e rc e n ta g e ju m p ed j 6 1 L . L . T h u rs to n e a n d E . J . C h a v e , The M e a s u re m e n t o f A ttitu d e , (C h ic a g o : U n iv e r s ity o f C h ic a g o P re s s , 1929), p. 56. i 54 I 1 I to 8 7.8% if one a c c e p te d th re e o th e r p h ra s e s [b o rn a g a in , f u ll I g o s p e l an d e v a n g e lic a Q as synonom ous to fu n d a m e n ta lis t. I 1 I M in is t e r ia l E v a lu a tio n i The tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s a re n o t a ll e q u a l in th e ir d e lin e a tin g j c a p a c ity . F o r e x a m p le , th e q u e s tio n "S m oking in a n y form fo r me I I j is s in fu l, " is not as c e n tra l to th e c o n c e p tio n a liz a tio n o f fu n d a - j m e n ta lis m as th e q u e s tio n , "Jesus C h ris t is m ore th a n h u m an . H e is G o d , " though b o th a re im p o rta n t in th e ir d e lin e a tin g a s p e c ts . F o llo w in g a s ta n d a rd T h u rs to n e p ro c e d u re , a m ethod w as c h o s e n w h ic h w o u ld g u a ra n te e th a t th e in s tru m e n t w o u ld d is c rim in a te b e tw e e n r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s , w ith e a c h q u e s tio n re c e iv in g th e p ro p e r w e ig h t. The m ethod c h o s e n fo r w e ig h tin g ite m s w as r e la tiv e ly s im p le . E ach o f th e m in is te r s , b o th lib e r a l an d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , w ere a s k e d to e v a lu a te e a c h q u e s tio n th e o lo g ic a lly an d d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e q u e s tio n w as in h is o p in io n : - le a s t s ig n ific a n t in d e fin in g th e c o n te n t o f fu n d a m e n ta lis m , -im p o r ta n t, but not th e m ost im p o rta n t in d e fin in g th e c o n te n t o f fu n d a m e n ta lis m , or -c e n t r a l or a co re b e lie f a b s o lu te ly e s s e n tia l in d e fin in g th e c o n te n t o f fu n d a m e n ta lis m . Of-the fo r ty -tw o re s p o n d in g m in is te rs , t h ir ty -e ig h t d id e v a lu a te th e F -L s c a le w ith a h ig h d eg ree o f c o n s is te n c y . On th re e q u e s tio n s . ! I I o n ly , w as th e e v a lu a tio n less th a n fo r ty -o n e p er c e n t a g re e m e n t. | I T h o se q u e s tio n s w ere 1 7 , 1 8 , a n d 2 1 . The c o n flic t on th e s e th re e i j i ! q u e s tio n s w as w h e th e r th e q u e s tio n s w e re " le a s t s ig n ific a n t" o r i I 1 "im p o rta n t but not th e m o st im p o rta n t." O n th e c e n tra l or co re b e lie fs ! I I i to fu n d a m e n ta lis m , th e re w as an a v e ra g e 77.6% a g re e m e n t, th e ran g e | I i I w as from a lo w o f 55.2% to a h ig h o f 97.3% a g re e m e n t on a ll q u e s tio n s .' ! I j D e s p ite th e s im p lic ity o f th e e v a lu a tiv e s y s te m , o f th e f o r ty - i I I I tw o m in is te r s , tw e lv e m in is te rs a n d one e ld e r a c tin g as in te rim ' I I j p a s to r, f a ile d to e v a lu a te th e q u e s tio n n a ire . A ll th irte e n w e re se n t I I I a d u p lic a te q u e s tio n n a ire a n d a le tte r p o in tin g out th e o v e rs ig h t, an d m ore e x p lic it in s tru c tio n s w e re g iv e n on how to e v a lu a te th e q u e s tio n n a ire . Ten m in is te rs re tu rn e d th e q u e s tio n n a ire . T h is tim e e ig h t w e re e v a lu a te d an d tw o w e re s t ill n o t. T h e se tw o q u e s tio n n a ire s w e re re tu rn e d a s e c o n d tim e w ith o n ly one b e in g re tu rn e d e v a lu a te d . The o u ts ta n d in g fo u r d u p lic a te q u e s tio n n a ire s w e re fo llo w e d -u p a th ird tim e w ith no re s u lts . I The e v a lu a tio n s w e re t a llie d an d a f in a l d e c is io n w as m ade as ! j to th e w e ig h t o f e a c h o f th e 22 q u e s tio n s . I I f th e co n s e n s u s o f th e m in is te rs p o lle d w as " le a s t s ig n ific a n t , ' I I th e q u e s tio n w as le ft u n w e ig h te d a n d w as c o n s id e re d p e rip h e ra l I I to th e c o n te n t o f fu n d a m e n ta lis m . I f th e c o n s e n s u s w as " im p o rta n t, I but not th e m ost im p o rta n t, " th e q u e s tio n w as w e ig h te d [ m u lt ip lie d j T b y tw o )a n d c o n s id e re d to be in th e in te r s titia l a r e a . I f th e c o n s e n s u s I . 56 I I j w as " c e n tra l or co re b e lie f" th e q u e s tio n w as w e ig h te d [m u ltip lie d b y ] i I th re e an d c o n s id e re d as a c e n tra l is s u e in d e fin in g th e c o n te n t o f i I fu n d a m e n ta lis tn . The f in a l re s u lts a re re p o rte d in F ig u re 2 b y d eg ree i j o f im p o rta n c e , a n d th e n in T a b le 3 b y q u e s tio n n u m b e r./ I i The purpo se fo r w e ig h tin g th e fiv e re s p o n s e c h o ic e s , (a I I L ik e rt te c h n iq u e ,) an d th e tw e n ty -tw o in d iv id u a l q u e s tio n s , (a T h u rs to n e te c h n iq u e ), w as to s p re a d out th e c o n tin u u m w h ic h w o u ld a llo w fo r m ore d is c r im in a tio n , thus e lim in a tin g th e d e fic ie n c y o f o th e r s tu d ie s w h ic h d is c rim in a te on th e b a s is o f one or tw o p o in ts d iffe r e n c e . To s u m m a rize th e s c a lin g te c h n iq u e s u s e d in th is re s e a rc h , e a c h in d iv id u a l in th e s a m p le re s p o n d e d to th e s c a le ite m s . Each re s p o n s e re c e iv e d a s co re o f from one to f iv e , a s ta n d a rd p ro ce d u re u s e d in L ik e rt s c a lin g . E ach ite m w as th e n m u ltip lie d b y th e w e ig h te d sco res p ro v id e d b y th e m in is te rs o f e ith e r 1 , 2 , or 3 , a T h u rs to n e s c a lin g te c h n iq u e . T h e se w e ig h te d s c o re s fo r e a c h ite m on th e q u e s tio n n a ire w e re th e n t a llie d . T h is to ta l sco re b ecam e th e f in a l F - L sco re u s e d to d is c rim in a te r e lig io u s ly b e tw e e n th e re s p o n d e n ts , an d la te r b ec am e th e b a s is fo r g ro u p in g th e re s p o n d en ts in to lib e r a ls , m o d e ra te s , an d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . The m in is te rs w e re e v e n ly d is trib u te d am ong th e th re e r e lig io u s c la s s ific a tio n s u se d in th is re s e a rc h [ l . e ., fu n d a m e n ta lis t. 57 m o d e ra te , lib e r a l] d e s p ite th e fa c t th a t th e y w e re h ig h ly a g re e d in th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e F - L s c a le . The m in is te rs w e re a ls o a s k e d to c o m p le te th e q u e s tio n n a ire th e m s e lv e s . T h e s e re s u lts w il l be g iv e n in C h a p te r IV . D e fin in g th e In d e p e n d e n t V a ria b le The q u e s tio n n a ire s re tu rn e d b y th e la y m em bers w e re g a th e re d , s c o re d , a n d th e w e ig h te d s c o re s on th e F -L s c a le w e re th e n t a llie d an d a rra n g e d in a h ie ra rc h y . The lo w s c o re w a s 1 1 6 , s ix ty -s e v e n p o in ts ab o ve th e lo w e s t num b er o f p o in ts p o s s ib le , an d th e h ig h w as 245, th e h ig h e s t num ber o f p o in ts p o s s ib le on th e s c a le . The m eth o d u s e d to d e te rm in e w ho w as a fu n d a m e n ta lis t, m o d e ra te , o r lib e r a l on th is s in g le c o n tin u u m o f s c o re s w a s e m p iric a l, Th e top th ir d , th o s e w ith sc o re s from 223 to 245, w e re la b e le d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . O f th is g ro u p , [ N = 5 9 j, as a lre a d y s ta te d , 79.66% id e n tifie d th e m s e lv e s as fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . The m ean sco re fo r th is group w as x= 234.3, w ith a S . D . o f 6.66 a n d a s ta n d a rd e rro r o f .87. The m id d le th ird [n = 58] , ra n g e d from a lo w sco re o f 174 to a h ig h o f 222 . The m ean w a s x = 2 0 2 .15, w ith a S . D . o f 14.68 a n d a s ta n d a rd e rro r o f 1.92. T h is group w a s te rm e d m o d e ra te s . The lo w e s t th ird [n = 59] , c a lle d lib e r a ls , w e n t from a lo w o f 116 to a h ig h o f 173. T h e ir m ean sco re w a s x = 1 5 1 .29, w ith a 58 FIGURE 2 Consensus of Ministers Weighting of Questions on The F-L Scale in Order of Importance PERIPHERAL AREA Questions INTERSTITIAL AREA Questions 8 *12 *11 *18 *19 CORE BELIEFS TO FUNDAMENTALISM Questions No*s. 1 9 13 2 10 5 13 20 6 14 16 *Degree of Religious Participation Questions, see p. 52 5 9 ~ l TABLE 3 F - L SCALE W E IG H T S BY Q U E S T IO N N U M B E R ’ Q u e s tio n j N u m b e r W e ig h t I 1 - 3 I 2 - 3 i * 3 - 1 I 4 - 1 I I 5 - 3 6 - 3 7 - 1 8 - 2 9 - 3 10 - 3 * 1 1 — 2 *12 - 2 13 - 3 14 - 3 15 - 3 16 - 3 17 - 1 6 Ô 1 TABLE 3 - C o n tin u e d F - L SCALE W E IG H T S BY Q U E S T IO N N U M B E R Q u e s tio n N u m b er W e ig h t * 1 8 - 2 *1 9 - 2 20 - 3 21 - 1 22 - 1 * (D e g r e e o f R e lig io u s P a rtic ip a tio n Q u e s tio n , see p . 52). s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f 16.8 a n d a s ta n d a rd e rro r o f 2 .2 1 . The d is p e rs io n in th is group w as m uch g re a te r th a n in th e top th ir d . The ra n g e w as f if t y - s e v e n p o in ts , n e a rly th re e tim e s th a t o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . T h is d iffe re n c e p ro b a b ly a c c o u n ts fo r th e lo w e r but s t il l q u ite a c c e p ta b le v a lid it y sco re o f th is g ro u p , o f w h ic h 64.4% c o n s id e re d th e m s e lv e s lib e r a ls . T h e re w as a m ean d iffe re n c e 61 b e tw e e n th e lib e r a ls an d th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts o f 83.05 p o in ts on the F -L s c a le . The M o r a l-A ttitu d e S c a le The s ec o n d s c a le , the d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le in th e s tu d y , is c o m p ris e d o f tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s w h ic h p u rp o rt to m e a s u re how an in d iv id u a l says he w o u ld re a c t in a g iv e n s o c ia l and m o ral s itu a tio n ^ e e A p p e n d ix F , p . l l S j . The L ik e rt s c a lin g te c h n iq u e w as u s e d in th is s c a le as w e ll. H o w e v e r, th e re s p o n s e " d o n 't k n o w " re c e iv e d a v a lu e o f z e ro in s te a d o f th re e as in th e F - L s c a le . The s c a le w as th u s d e s ig n e d so as to c o in c id e w ith th e tr a d itio n a l c o n c e p tu a liz a tio n o f m o r a lity . A lo w s co re on th e M -A s c a le in d ic a te d a lo w th re s h o ld o f m o r a lity , w h e re a s a h ig h sco re in d ic a te d a h ig h th re s h o ld o f m o ra l b e h a v io r i . e . , a h ig h ly m o ral p erso n . T h is th in k in g , o f c o u rs e , h in g e s on th e w a y in w h ic h one c o n c e p tu a liz e s m o r a lity . S in c e th is re s p o n s e is o n e o f th e c o rn e rs to n e s o f th e s tu d y , a f u ll d is c u s s io n an d s ta te m e n t o f ju s t if ic a tio n is p re s e n te d in A p p e n d ix H , p . 144. Two o f th e tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s , q u e s tio n s one an d f if t e e n , w e re re v e rs e d in la n g u a g e a n d th e re fo re " s tro n g ly a g re e " r e c e iv e d a v a lu e o f fo u r in s te a d o f o n e . It w a s b e lie v e d th a t e a c h h y p o th e tic a l 62 s itu a tio n p re s e n te d a n e a rly e q u a l m o ral c h o ic e in term s o f m o ral c o m m itm e n t, b e c a u s e th e e x tre m e s w e re n o t sou ght a fte r b u t in s te a d e a c h q u e s tio n w as d e s ig n e d to probe in to th e s o -c a lle d "g ra y a re a s " o f m o r a lity . T h e re fo re , a h ie ra rc h y o f "m o ra l s itu a tio n s " w as ; not c o n s id e re d an d h en ce th e re w a s no w e ig h tin g o f th e M - A q u e s tio n s . E ach q u e s tio n sto o d on its ow n m e r its . There w as no c a te g o riz a tio n on th e M o r a l A ttitu d e s c a le as w as done on the F - L s c a le , in s te a d th e sco res w e re p o la r iz e d . A p erso n r e c e iv in g a sco re o f 8 8 , th e h ig h e s t p o s s ib le sco re on th e i s c a le , w as c o n s id e re d to be an e x tre m e m o r a lis t. C o n v e r s e ly , one re c e iv in g a sco re a p p ro a c h in g z e ro w as c o n s id e re d to be p rim a rily I u n c o n c e rn e d w ith h is ow n in d iv id u a l m o r a lity . The a re a s c o v e re d , an d th e one o r m ore q u e s tio n s w h ic h ! h a n d le d th e v a rio u s s itu a tio n s a re r e la te d in F ig u re 3 . I I I I . S t a tis tic a l M e a s u re m e n ts Four s t a t is t ic a l m eas u re m e n t co m p u te r program s w e re u s e d in th is re s e a rc h to test fo r s ig n ific a n c e . T h e y w e re : (1) a g e n e ra l lin e a r h y p o th e s is s t a t is t ic a l program e n title d B IM D 05V, (2) a tw o - w a y a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e , (3) th e t test, an d (4) c h i-s q u a r e . A f u ll d is c u s s io n o f th e s t a t is t ic a l m eas u rem en ts u sed in th is re s e a rc h a re p re s e n te d w ith th e d a ta in C h a p te r IV , 63 FIG U R E 3 M O R A L A T T IT U D E SCALE AS TH EO R ETIC A LLY C O N C E P T U A L IZ E D T h e o re tic a l C o n c e p t Q u e s tio n W h ic h M e a s u re s C o n c e p t I . V io la tio n o f R e g u la to ry Law A . o u trig h t 12 I I . M o r a l R e s p o n s ib ility o f In v o lv e m e n t in S o c ia l P rob lem s A . tu rn in g in o th e rs w ho v io la te th e la w 1 , I I B . a v o id a n c e o f p e rs o n a l c o n ta c t 2 C . a c t o f c iv il/m o r a l o b lig a tio n 1 3 , 21 I I I . T h e ft A . c o n d itio n a l 10 B. o u trig h t 1 6 , 17 IV . M a n ip u la tio n o f O th e rs A . o u t o f fe a r 3 V . R e je c tio n o f th e C o n c e p t o f C iv il L ib e rtie s A . d ic ta to r ia l b e h a v io r 4 V I. D e c e p tio n A . c o n d o n in g in o th e rs 18 B. s e lf-p r e s e r v a tio n 8 C . f a ls if ic a t io n 1 4 , 1 5 , 20 D . c o n tin u in g fa b r ic a tio n 6 , 19 E . c irc u m v e n tio n 22 64 F IG U R E 3 (C o n tin u e d ) M O R A L A T T IT U D E SCALE AS TH E O R E T IC A LLY C O N C E P T U A L IZ E D T h e o re tic a l C o n c e p t Q u e s tio n W h ic h M e a s u re s C o n c e p t V II . Jud g m en tal B e h a v io r A . u n fo rg iv in g 7 V III. G u ilt P ro d u cin g S itu a tio n s A . ta k in g a d v a n ta g e o f o th e r's o v e rs ig h ts 5 , 9 65 IV Sum m ary À random sa m p le o f o n e -th ir d o f th e p ro te s ta n t c h u rc h e s in Long B e a c h , C a lifo rn ia w as s tu d ie d . M in is te r s w e re c o n ta c te d an d a s k e d fo r th e ir c o o p e ra tio n , a n d a s k e d to a c t as a lia is o n b e tw e e n I I th e re s e a rc h e r a n d th e c o n g re g a tio n . F ifty p a c k e ts w e re m a ile d to th e m in is te r s , e a c h c o n ta in in g a q u e s tio n n a ire fo r th e m in is te r , a n d fiv e q u e s tio n n a ire s fo r h is c o n g re g a tio n , m a k in g a to ta l o f th r e e - hu n d red q u e s tio n n a ire s . T h ree fo llo w -u p le tte rs w e re s e n t r e s u ltin g in an o v e r a ll 73.3% re tu rn . The re s e a rc h in s tru m e n t u s e d fo r th e tw o h u n d red f if t y la y m em bers o f th e f if t y c h u rc h e s in v o lv e d , c o n ta in e d a S o c ia l C h a ra c te r is tic s Q u e s tio n n a ire from w h ic h b a c k g ro u n d in fo rm a tio n w as g a th e re d on e a c h in d iv id u a l. A F u n d a m e n ta l-L ib e ra l s c a le w h ic h c o n ta in e d tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s d e s ig n e d to m e a s u re r e lig io u s b e lie fs a n d th e d eg ree o f r e lig io u s p a r tic ip a tio n m ade up th e s e c o n d p a rt o f th e re s e a rc h in s tru m e n t. The th ird p a rt o f th e re s e a rc h in s tru m e n t w a s th e M o r a l A ttitu d e S c a le w h ic h a ls o c o n ta in e d tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s . T h is s c a le w as d e s ig n e d to m ea s u re how an in d iv id u a l s a id h e w o u ld re a c t to a g iv e n s o c ia l an d m o ra l s itu a tio n . A c o p y o f th e F - L s c a le w a s s e n t to e a c h m in is te r w ith th e u n d e rs ta n d in g th a t he w o u ld , (1) f i l l o u t th e q u e s tio n n a ire , w h ic h w o u ld in d ic a te h is ow n r e lig io u s b e lie f s , a n d (2) to e v a lu a te e a c h 66 I q u e s tio n as to th e q u e s tio n 's r e la tiv e im p o rta n c e in d e fin in g the i c o n c e p t o f fu n d a m e n ta lis m . E ach q u e s tio n w as th e n w e ig h te d I ' a c c o rd in g to th is c o lle c tiv e e v a lu a tio n . I The s am p le w as d iv id e d in to th re e groups on th e b a s is o f th e I to ta l w e ig h te d sco re re c e iv e d on th e F - L s c a le . The th re e g ro u p s , I lib e r a ls , m o d e ra te s a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , w h ic h m ade up th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le o f th e s tu d y , w e re s u b je c te d to s e v e ra l s t a t is t ic a l m e as u rem en ts to d e te rm in e the g ro u p 's r e la tio n s h ip to m o ral a t titu d e s , th e d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le . Four c o m p u te r program s w e re m e n tio n e d b r ie fly a n d a re p re s e n te d in d e ta il w ith th e d a ta in C h a p te r IV . 67 CHAPTER IV THE F IN D IN G S In th is c h a p te r a p re s e n ta tio n is g iv e n o f th e re s p o n s e s o f th e s am p le to th e M o r a l A ttitu d e s c a le w h ic h c o m p ris e d th e d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le o f th e s tu d y . The m a in h y p o th e s is a n d th e fiv e c o ro lla rie s s ta te d in C h a p te r I a re p re s e n te d in th e ir n u ll form an d te s te d fo r s t a t is t ic a l s ig n ific a n c e . The c o n c e p t o f F u n d a m e n ta lis t-L ib e ra l e n c la v e s is d e v e lo p e d in th e s e c tio n d e a lin g w ith d e n o m in a tio n an d m o ral a t tit u d e . The m in is te r's s c o re a n d th e c o n g re g a tio n a l m ean s c o re on th e F - L s c a le a re a ls o tre a te d in th is c h a p te r. A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n r e la tin g to th e a b o v e ite m s , as w e ll a s fin d in g s r e la tin g to th e S o c ia l C h a r a c te r is tic s q u e s tio n n a ire a re in c lu d e d in A p p e n d ix G . I D a ta R e la tin g to th e D e p e n d e n t V a ria b le The M o r a l A ttitu d e s c a le w a s d e s ig n e d to p ro v id e a h ie ra rc h y o f s co re s w h ic h w o u ld in d ic a te o n e 's r e la tiv e m o ra l p o s itio n ; r e la t iv e , th a t i s , to o th e rs p la c e d in th e sam e s tru c tu re d a n d m o ra lly d e fin e d s itu a tio n s o f w h ic h th e s c a le w a s c o n s tru c te d . T h e se s itu a tio n s w e re in te n d e d to be re p re s e n ta tiv e o f g e n e ra l m o ral 68 s itu a tio n s w h ic h a re n o t c le a r ly s e e n . T h e y a re c o n c e rn e d , w ith a fe w e x c e p tio n s , w ith th e s o - c a lle d " g ra y " m o ral p o s itio n s ra th e r th a n " b la c k a n d w h ite " o n e s . The fo llo w in g s e c tio n p re s e n ts s t a t is t ic a l d a ta r e la tin g to th e d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le . The m a jo r h y p o th e s is o f th e s tu d y in th e n u ll form is a s fo llo w s : T h ere is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e sc o re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts . Tw o s t a t is t ic a l te c h n iq u e s w e re u s e d to te s t th e h y p o th e s is : a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e a n d th e t test. A n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e w a s u s e d a s an e x p lo ra to ry te s t s in c e it o ffe re d a s in g le te s t as to w h e th e r a l l th re e re lig io u s c a te g o rie s d iffe re d s ig n ific a n tly or w h e th e r a ll c o u ld h a v e com e from th e sam e p o p u la tio n . W h e n it w a s fo u n d th a t th e fu n d a m e n ta lis t c a te g o ry d id d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly from th e m o d e ra te a n d lib e r a l c a te g o rie s , th e e x a c t d eg re e o f th is s ig n ific a n c e w a s d e te rm in e d b y th re e t tests w h ic h w e re a d m in is te re d . M e a n s co re s an d o th e r s ig n ific a n t d a ta , b a s e d on a o n e -w a y a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e , fo r th e th re e c a te g o rie s a re p re s e n te d in T a b le s 4 an d 5 . O n th e b a s is o f th e re s u lts o f th e a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e , th e th re e t tests w e re c o n d u c te d , as re p o rte d in T a b le 6 , on th e d iffe re n c e o f m eans b e tw e e n th e th re e r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s . 69 TABLE 4 M - A M EA N S A N D RAW SCORE RANGES A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry N M e a n S .D . S.E. Range o f Raw S cores M in im u m -M a x im u m L ib e ra ls 59 60.203 8.485 1.105 42 80 M o d e ra te s 58 59.741 8.235 1.081 34 75 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 59 63.915 9.241 1.203 48 86 i TO TAL 176 61.295 8.818 .665 34 86 F IG U R E 4 1 i PLOT OF M -A M EA N S M o d e ra te s 1 1 L ib e ra ls [ .................... F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 59 1 60 61 62 63 64 M -A SCORES l" " ! 1 1 TABLE 5 70 1 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FO R A LL CATEGORIES i Sums o f S q uares D e g re e s o f Freed om E s tim a te o f V a ria n c e F B e tw e e n M e a n s 615.380 2.0 307.690 4 .0 9 7 * W ith in G roups 12993 .256 173.0 75.106 T o ta l 13608.636 175.0 * P < 0 .0 5 (2. 99) TABLE 6 t TEST BETW EEN M -A M EA N S A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry N L ib e ra ls M o d e ra te s F u n d a m e n ta lis ts L ib e ra ls 59 • • .3 - 2 .3 M o d e ra te s 58 " .3 • « — 2 .6 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 59 62 2 . 3 * 2 . 6 * * • • *P<0.05, t w o - t a ile d te s t **P<0.05, t w o - t a ile d te s t (t r e lia b le to .02) ^ ^ A n a ly s is o f v a ria n o o b e tw e e n lib e ia ls a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts r e s u lte d in an F o f 5.165, s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l. 71 O n th e b a s is o f th e s t a t is t ic a l e v id e n c e g a th e re d a n d p re s e n te d h e re , it c an be s ta te d , w ith som e r is k o f a ty p e I e rro r, th a t the m a jo r h y p o th e s is in its n u ll form is r e je c te d . It w as fo u n d th a t fu n d a m e n ta lis ts h ad a s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r m o ra l a ttitu d e sco re th a n e ith e r m o d e ra te s o r lib e r a ls . S e c o n d , th a t m o d e ra te s s c o re d lo w e r th a n lib e r a ls b u t th is fa c t w a s not s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t. L ib e ra ls fo u n d it m ost d if f ic u lt to a g re e w ith fu n d a m e n ta lis ts on a t le a s t s ix q u e s tio n s in w h ic h th e re w as a d is p a r ity o f m ore th a n tw e n ty p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts b e tw e e n th e m . The la rg e s t p e rc e n ta g e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n c a te g o rie s cam e in q u e s tio n s ix w h e re 66.1% o f th e lib e r a ls a g re e d w ith th e s itu a tio n , b u t o n ly 33.9% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts a g re e d . Q u e s tio n fo u r , w h ic h w a s n e x t to th e h ig h e s t in p e rc e n ta g e o f d is a g re e m e n t b e tw e e n c a te g o rie s , sh o w e d o n ly i 18.6% o f th e lib e r a ls a g re e in g co m p a re d w ith 47.4% o f th e fu n d a m e n t a l is t s . The th ird la rg e s t d iv is io n w as o v e r q u e s tio n e ig h t. H e re , o n ly 6 . 7% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts a g re e in c o n tra s t to 32.2% o f th e lib e r a ls . Q u e s tio n one r e v e a le d 30.5% o f th e lib e r a ls a g re e d as o p p o s e d to o n ly 8.4% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . M o d e ra te s an d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w e re d iv id e d b y 23.5 p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts on q u e s tio n tw o in w h ic h 86.2% o f th e m o d e ra te s a g re e d w ith th e q u e s tio n v e rs u s 62.7% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . 72 O n ly on tw o o th e r q u e s tio n s , num bers tw e lv e a n d f if t e e n , j w as th e re a n o tic e a b le d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e th re e re lig io u s I c a te g o rie s . On th e s e tw o q u e s tio n s , m o d e ra te s d iffe re d c o n s id e ra b ly from b o th lib e r a ls a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , as in d ic a te d in T a b le 36 s ee A p p e n d ix H , p p . 152-53. ^ A n o th e r w a y o f v is u a liz in g th e d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n th e th re e groups is by e x a m in in g th e m ean sc o re o f e a c h o f th e th re e re lig io u s c a te g o rie s on e a c h q u e s tio n o f th e M -A s c a le . In co m p a rin g m ean d iffe re n c e s on e a c h q u e s tio n , lib e r a ls d is a g re e d w ith fu n d a m e n ta lis ts m ost on q u e s tio n e ig h t, a q u e s tio n d e a lin g w ith s e lf-p r e s e r v a tio n b y d e c e p tio n . " I im a g in e fo r som e p e o p le it is a l l rig h t to t e ll a s m a ll w h ite lie to s a v e face." F u n d a m e n ta lis ts h ad a m ean s c o re o f 3.24 w h ic h p la c e d them b e tw e e n th e " d is a g re e " an d " s tro n g ly d is a g re e " c a te g o rie s . L ib e r a ls , on th e o th e r h a n d , w e re n e a rly a l l in a g re e m e n t w ith th e s ta te m e n t. B e tw e e n lib e r a ls an d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , th e re w a s a 1.10 m ean p o in t d iffe r e n c e . B e tw e e n lib e r a ls a n d m o d e ra te s , an d m o d e ra te s a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , th e re w as a m ean p o in t d iffe re n c e o f .5 7 a n d .53, r e s p e c tiv e ly . T h is ite m w a s th e m o st s ig n ific a n t in th e s c a le , d is c rim in a tin g a t th e .0001 le v e l. The n e x t m ost s ig n ific a n t m ean d iffe re n c e cam e on q u e s tio n fo u r, w h ic h d e a lt w ith c iv il rig h ts a n d th e im p o s itio n o f o n e p e rs o n 's 73 TABLE 7 M E A N S C O R E * R E C E IV ED O N EA C H Q U E S T IO N OF TH E M -A SCALE A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY Q u e s tio n L ib e ra ls M o d e ra te s F u n d a m e n ta lis ts T o ta l t 1 2.25 2.17 2.53 2.32 n .s . 2 1.80 1.81 2.02 1.88 n .s . 3. 2.90 2.98 2.85 2.91 n .s. 4. 2.85 2.38 2 . 17 2.47 .001 5. 3.22 3.41 3.58 3.40 .02 6 2.27 2.12 2.68 2.36 .01 7 3.02 2.60 2.92 2.85 .05 8 2 . 14 2.71 3.24 2.69 .000 9 2.80 2.74 3.17 2.90 .01 10 2.93 2.76 3.25 2.98 .02 11 2.61 2.60 2.64 2.62 n .s . 12 2 . 15 2.48 2.34 2.32 .05 13 3.07 2.88 3.12 3.02 n .s. 14 3.09 3.12 3.24 3.15 n .s . 15 3.31 3. 14 3.39 3.28 n .s . 16 3 . 14 3.05 3.25 3.14 n .s . 17 3.44 3.45 3.56 3.48 n .s . 18 3.07 3 . 10 3.24 3.14 n .s . 19 2.46 2.19 2.68 2.44 n .s . 20 2.20 2.47 2.22 2.30 n .s . 21 2.49 2.36 2.66 2.51 n .s . 22 3.02 3.21 3.20 3.14 n .s . *S c o re s ra n g e on th e f iv e re s p o n s e s from 1 , s tro n g ly a g r e e , to 4 , s tro n g ly d is a g re e , w ith " d o n 't k n o w " r e c e iv in g a v a lu e o f O . The e x c e p tio n s a re on q u e s tio n s o n e a n d f if t e e n , in w h ic h th e v a lu e s o f th e re s p o n s e s a re re v e rs e d w ith s tro n g ly a g re e r e c e iv in g 4 , a n d s tro n g ly d is a g re e , 1 . The h ig h e r th e sc o re on a q u e s tio n , th e h ig h e r is o n e 's m o ra l a c tio n . ! 74 ! i w il l upon a n o th e r. B e tw e e n lib e r a ls a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , th e re I I w as a .6 8 m ean p o in t d iffe r e n c e , a n d b e tw e e n m o d e ra te s an d I 1 fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , a .5 6 m ean p o in t d iffe r e n c e . I O n ly on th re e q u e s tio n s , q u e s tio n s th r e e , fo u r, a n d s e v e n , : d id lib e r a ls s c o re h ig h e r th a n fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . O n ly in tw o q u e s tio n s , q u e s tio n s th re e an d fo u r, d id fu n d a m e n ta lis ts s c o re th e lo w e s t b e tw e e n th e g ro u p s . As p re v io u s ly s ta te d , q u e s tio n fo u r d e a lt w ith an im p o s itio n o f o n e 's w il l upon a n o th e r, w h ic h fu n d a m e n ta lis ts a re a p p a re n tly w illin g .to d o . Q u e s tio n th re e w a s a lo n g th e sam e lin e o f q u e s tio n in g . I t d e a lt w ith m a n ip u la tio n o f o th e rs ; " I w a s th e ty p e o f c h ild th a t a lw a y s got o th e rs to do s o m e th in g b e fo re I w o u ld try i t . " L ib e ra ls a n d m o d e ra te s te n d e d to d is a g re e m o st on q u e s tio n e ig h t, w h e re m o d e ra te s to o k a m id d le p o s itio n e x a c tly in b e tw e e n th e ’ lib e r a ls a n d th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . M o d e ra te s to o k th e h ig h e s t m o ral p o s itio n on fo u r q u e s tio n s , b u t o n ly o n e , q u e s tio n t w e lv e , w a s s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n tly h ig h e r. M o d e r a te s , a c c o rd in g to th is ite m , lik e to s ta y w ith in th e p o s te d s p e e d lim it m ore th a n e ith e r lib e r a ls or fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . T h is ite m w as s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 le v e l. O n ly on th re e q u e s tio n s d id lib e r a ls d is a g re e w ith m o d e ra te s s u ffic ie n tly fo r it to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t. T h e s e w e re on 75 q u e s tio n s fo u r, s e v e n , an d e ig h t, in w h ic h c a s e m o d e ra te s r e c e iv e d a lo w e r m ean sco re by .47, .42, a n d .57 r e s p e c tiv e ly . As c a n be see n from an e x a m in a tio n o f T a b le s 4 a n d 7 , m o d e ra te s h a v e th e lo w e s t m ean sc o re s o f th e th re e g ro u p s . It is th e c o n c lu s io n o f th is r e s e a rc h e r, th a t m o d e ra te s h a v e a lo w e r M -A sco re p a r tly b e c a u s e th e y a re " fe n c e r id e r s ," a s e v id e n c e d b y th e ir h ig h e r num ber o f " d o n 't k n o w " a n s w e rs . S in c e th e y te n d to " p la y th e m id d le " in re lig io u s l i f e , th is seem s to be a ls o th e p a tte rn in m o ra l l i f e . S e c o n d , e v e n i f th e n u m b er o f m o d e ra te " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s a n d th e num ber o f fu n d a m e n ta lis t " d o n 't kn o w " re s p o n s e s w e re s ta n d a rd iz e d , th e M -A sco re w o u ld s t il l be le s s th a n 6 0.5, fa r b e lo w th e m ean s c o re o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . T h u s , th e lo w e r M -A s co re fo r th e m o d e ra te s c a n n o t be e x p la in e d e n tir e ly on th e b a s is o f th e ir m o ra l " fe n c e s itt in g , " it m ust be a s s u m e d th a t ' m o d e ra te s as a group a re lik e ly to be le s s m o ra l, a t le a s t in th e s itu a tio n s p re s e n te d , th a n a re lib e r a ls , b u t m ore p a r tic u la r ly th a n a re fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . To s ta te th e c o n c lu s io n in r e v e rs e , fu n d a m e n t a lis ts h av e a h ig h d eg re e o f m o r a lity , e v id e n tly due to th e s tre s s on in d iv id u a l m o ra lity in th e fu n d a m e n ta lis t c h u rc h e s . , S u b -H y p o th e s e s R e fe rrin g to th e D e p e n d e n t V a ria b le R etu rn in g o n ce a g a in to th e m a jo r h y p o th e s is , th e re a re fiv e s u b -h y p o th e s e s d ir e c tly r e la te d to th e m a jo r h y p o th e s is . ! 76 j I The m a jo r h y p o th e s is , h o ld in g a g e , s e x , e d u c a tio n , o c c u p a tio n ; a n d p o lit ic a l id e n tific a tio n c o n s ta n t w as tr e a te d , u s in g a G e n e ra l i L in e a r H y p o th e s is s t a t is t ic a l d e s ig n e n t itle d , B IM D 05 V T w o -W a y , A n a ly s is o f V a ria n c e . The fin d in g s o f e a c h o f th e c o r o lla r ie s a re i re p o rte d to g e th e r w ith th e d a t a . H y p o th e s is .21 There is no d iffe re n c e in m o ra l a ttitu d e s co re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts w h e n th e d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r a g e o f th e re s p o n d e n ts . D a ta a b s tra c te d from th e s a m p le an d te s te d as sh o w n in T a b le 8 r e v e a le d th a t th e re w a s e v id e n c e to sup port c o ro lla ry , /2L a n d it w a s th e re fo re a c c e p te d in its n u ll fo rm . I t a p p e a rs th a t lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta l p ro te s ta n ts o f th e sam e a g e group do n o t d iffe r from o ne a n o th e r in M -A s c o re s s u ffic ie n tly eno u g h to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t. TABLE 8 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M E A N M -A SCORES BY AGE G R O U P A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CA TEG O RY R e lig io u s 18 -1 9 20 - 2 9 30-39 40--49 50-■59 60--80 C a te g o ry f X f X f X f X f X f X L ib e ra ls 1 45.0 ' 1 64. 0 . 9 60.0 19 62.^ 5 11 61. 1 18 58. 0 M o d e r a te s * 0 1 6 8 . 0 10 60.4 24 61 ., 1 14 58. 8 9 55. 8 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 4 74.5 13 64. 8 11 62.7 10 59.,9 11 63. 0 10 6 4 . 9 *A g e groups 1 8 -1 9 a n d 2 0-29 w e re c o m b in e d fo r te s tin g , s in c e th e re w e re no cases fo r c e ll 1 8 -1 9 o f th e M o d e ra te s c a te g o ry . F = .267, n o t s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 le v e l. 77 H y p o th e s is 3. T h e re is no d iffe re n c e in m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts w h en th e d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r s e x o f th e re s p o n d e n ts . T h e a b o v e h y p o th e s is re v e a le d no s ig n ific a n t d ata to su p p o rt th e th e s is th a t m a le s o r fe m a le s d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly from o n e a n o th e r in m o ral a ttitu d e s c o re s . The n u ll h y p o th e s is w a s th e re fo re a c c e p te d , w h ic h m eans th a t lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta l p ro te s ta n ts o f . ; th e sam e sex, do not d iffe r from o ne a n o th e r in M - A sc o re s s u ffic ie n tly enough to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t. TABLE 9 I f FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M EA N M - A SCORES BY SEX A C C O R D IN G TO j R E L IG IO U S C A TEG O RY I R e lig io u s C a te g o ry M a le s f X F e m a le s f X L ib e ra ls 28 61.7 29 59.2 M o d e ra te s 25 61.5 31 58.1 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 32 64.0 22 65.2 F = .503, n o t s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 le v e l. I t is in te re s tin g to n o te th a t fe m a le fu n d a m e n ta lis ts h a v e a h ig h e r m o ra l sco re th a n m a le fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , w h ic h is ju s t th e re v e rs e fo r lib e r a ls an d m o d e ra te s . O ne o th e r fin d in g w h ic h p ro ve d . 7 8 I I in te re s tin g w as th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e m o d e ra te fe m a le 's m ean sco re o f 58.1 and 61.5, th e sc o re o f h e r m a le c o u n te rp a rt. T h is d iffe re n c e o f 3 . 4 is .3 p o in ts less th a n th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e e n tire c a te g o ry o f lib e r a l (6Ü.2) a n d th a t o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis t (63.9) . H y p o th e s is 4 T h ere is no d iffe re n c e in m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts w h e n th e d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r e d u c a tio n o f th e re s p o n d e n ts . D a ta w e re c o m p ile d on th e b a s is o f th re e e d u c a tio n a l le v e ls , h ig h s c h o o l g ra d u a te s , c o lle g e g ra d u a te s , a n d c o lle g e p o s t g ra d u a te s . F te s t sco res re v e a le d no d a ta to su p p o rt th e h y p o th e s is th a t p o s t-c o lle g e g ra d u a te s d iffe r e d s ig n ific a n tly from h ig h s c h o o l o r c o lle g e g ra d u a te s in m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s . In a c c e p tin g th e n u ll h y p o th e s is , it w as e s ta b lis h e d th a t lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta l p ro te s ta n ts o f th e sam e g ra d u a te le v e l, d id n o t d iffe r from one a n o th e r in M -A sc o re s s u ffic ie n tly enough to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t. T h e re w e re som e o b s e rv a b le d iffe re n c e s th a t s h o u ld be n o te d . F u n d a m e n ta lis ts w ho w e re h ig h s c h o o l g ra d u a te s h ad a 7 .5 h ig h e r M - A sco re th a n m o d e ra te s o f th e sam e e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l. Th is j 7 9 ! d iffe re n c e d im in is h e s to 2 .0 b e tw e e n th e tw o r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s I b y th e .tim e th e y a re c o lle g e g ra d u a te s . T h is is in te rp re te d to I I m ean th a t c o lle g e g iv e s a m o ral fra m e w o rk to m an y m o d e ra te s th a t I fu n d a m e n ta lis ts h a v e a lr e a d y re c e iv e d in c h ild h o o d . The M -A m eans see m ed to in d ic a te th a t in d iv id u a ls te n d e d to b e m ost m o ra l b e tw e e n th e tw e lfth g ra d e a n d th e th ird y e a r o f c o lle g e . I t w o u ld be i ll- a d v is e d , h o w e v e r, to m ake th e a s s u m p tio n th a t th o s e w ith le s s th a n tw e lv e y e a rs o f e d u c a tio n a re less m o ra l, b e c a u s e o f th e s m a ll n u m b e r o f c a s e s in e a c h c a te g o ry . TABLE 10 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M E A N M - A SCORES BY GRADUATE E D U C A T IO N A L LEVEL A C C O R D IN G T O R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s E ig h th G ra d e H ig h S c h o o l C o lle g e P o s t-C o lle g e C a te g o ry G ra d u a te G ra d u a te G ra d u a te G ra d u a te f X f X f X ' f X L ib e ra ls 3 52.7 18 63.1 23 58.8 13 61.5 M o d e ra te s 1 50.5 19 57.9 21 62.4 13 58.8 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 3 59 .0 24 65.4 20 64.4 10 62.5 *E ig h th g ra d e g ra d u a te s w e re n o t in c o rp o ra te d in th e te s t d a ta due to th e s m a ll n u m b er o f cases . F = 2.22, not s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 le v e l. S cores o f a l l e d u c a tio n a l le v e ls a re re p o rte d in T a b le 1 1 . 80 TABLE 11 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M EA N M -A SCORES FO R ALL E D U C A T IO N A L LEVELS A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S C A TEG O R Y* R e lig io u s C a te g o ry f 8 % 10 f X ' 11 f X 12 13 f X f X L ib e ra ls 3 52.7 1 72.0 3 61.3 14 62.8 3 62.0 M o d e ra te s 2 50.5 0 - 1 61.0 18 57.7 2 61.5 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 3 59.0 3 63.7 2 62.5 19 66.0 8 66.9 R e lig io u s 14 15 16 17 C a te g o ry f X f X f X f X L ib e ra ls 7 58.6 1 44.0 12 59.4 13 61.5 M o d e ra te s 4 63.2 5 64.6 10 61.2 13 58.8 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 8 63.7 1 60.0 3 61.3 10 62.5 *T h e re w e re no in d iv id u a ls who h a d c o m p le te d th e ir e d u c a tio n o n ly to th e n in th g ra d e . H y p o th e s is 5 T h e re is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e s co re s b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , an d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts w h e n th e d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r o c c u p a tio n o f th e re s p o n d e n ts . To te s t th e h y p o th e s is , th e s e v e n o c c u p a tio n a l groups w e re c o lla p s e d in to fo u r. The fo u r c a te g o rie s w e re : (1) a p ro fe s s io n a l group w h ic h c o n s is te d o f p ro fe s s io n a ls , s e m i-p r o fe s s io n a ls , p ro p rie to rs , o w n e rs , m an ag ers a n d o f fic ia ls ; (2) a w h ite c o lla r group m ade up o f c le r ic a l w o rk e rs a n d s a le s p e rs o n n e l; (3) b lu e c o lla r 8 1 w o rk e rs , w h ic h in c lu d e d c ra fts m e n , fo rem en a n d o p e ra to rs ; a n d f in a ll y , (4) s e rv ic e w o rk e rs a n d la b o re rs . T h ere w as a s trik in g c o n tra s t b e tw e e n p ro fe s s io n a ls w ho w e re m o d e ra te s an d th o s e w ho w e re fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . The tw o c a te g o rie s w e re 5 .3 m ean p o in ts a p a rt on th e M - A s c a le . S e rv ic e w o rk e rs an d j la b o re rs had th e s m a lle s t m ean sc o re d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n re lig io u s c a te g o r ie s . The d a ta p ro d u ced no e v id e n c e th a t lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , an d fu n d a m e n ta l p ro te s ta n ts o f th e sam e o c c u p a tio n a l c a te g o rie s d iffe r from one a n o th e r in M - A sco re s s u ffic ie n tly eno ugh to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t . T a b le 12 re la te s a l l s ig n ific a n t d a ta u s e d in te s tin g h y p o th e s is 5 . F o r a b re a k d o w n o f a l l o c c u p a tio n s re p o rte d , th e M -A s co re s a re p re s e n te d in A p p e n d ix I . 82 TABLE 12 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M EA N M - A SCORES BY O C C U P A T IO N A L G RO UP A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry P ro fe s s io n a ls f X W h ite C o lla r f X B lue C o lla r f X S e rv ic e W o rk e rs a n d L ab o rers f X L ib e ra ls 17 62.4 7 62.3 4 63.2 6 61.3 M o d e ra te s 16 59.3 11 61.4 6 66.5 3 60.7 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 14 64.6 11 64.2 6 67.0 8 60.2 F = 1.07, not s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 le v e l. H y p o th e s is 16: T h e re is no d iffe re n c e in m o ral a ttitu d e s c o re s b e tw e e n l ib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts w h en th e d ata a re c o n tro lle d fo r p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n o f th e re s p o n d e n ts . " P o litic a l a s s o c ia tio n " re fe rs to a s s o c ia tio n o f th e re s p o n d e n ts w ith one o f th e tw o m a jo r p a r tie s , re g is te re d R e p u b lic a n s an d D e m o c r a ts , an d a l l r e g is te re d In d e p e n d e n ts . A lth o u g h r e lig io u s c a te g o ry or b e lie f sy s te m d id n o t seem to m ake a d iffe re n c e in p a rty r e g is tra tio n as re p o rte d in A p p e n d ix G see T a b le 3 0 , p . 140. m ean M - A s co re s a c c o rd in g to p o lit ic a l id e n tific a tio n re v e a le d a m o st in te re s tin g d iffe r e n c e , a lb e it n o t s ig n ific a n t eno ugh in o v e ra ll F s co re to b e a b le to r e je c t th e n u ll h y p o th e s is . It w a s th e re fo re c o n c lu d e d th a t lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , and fu n d a m e n ta l p ro te s ta n ts o f 83 th e sam e p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n , d id n o t d iffe r from one a n o th e r in M -A s co re s s u ffic ie n tly to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t. TABLE 13 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M E A N M -A SCORES BY P O L IT IC A L A F F IL IA T IO N A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry * R e p u b lic a n f I T D e m o c ra t f X In d e p e n d e n t f X L ib e ra ls 32 60.7 14 59.1 7 56.7 M o d e ra te s 32 60.1 14 57.9 4 63 . 5 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 34 6 3 . 1 15 64.5 7 69.1 F = .536, n o t s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 le v e l. *F sco re b e tw e e n r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s w a s 5.79, th e o n ly c a s e in th e e n tire s tu d y in w h ic h lib e r a ls , m o d e ra te s , an d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts d iffe re d from one a n o th e r in M o r a l A ttitu d e s s u ffic ie n tly to be s ig n ific a n t a t th e .001 le v e l. In o rd e r th a t a c o m p a ris o n o f c o n s e r v a tiv e , m o d e ra te , a n d lib e r a l p o lit ic a l p o s itio n s c o u ld be a n a ly z e d , re s p o n d e n ts w e re g iv e n s e v e n c a te g o rie s from w h ic h to c h o o s e . The d ata a re p re s e n te d in T a b le 1 4 . D u e to th e s m a ll num ber o f c a s e s in m any o f th e c e lls , i t w a s im p o s s ib le to c o n d u c t a tw o -w a y a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e on th e d a ta in T a b le 1 4 . H o w e v e r, v a rio u s g e n e ra l tre n d s a p p e a r to e v e n th e c a s u a l o b s e rv e r. For e x a m p le , c o n s e rv a tiv e R e p u b lic a n s an d 8 4 D e m o c ra ts o f a l l r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f C o n s e rv a tiv e R e p u b lic a n s w ho a re fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , te n d to h a v e a m uch lo w e r M -A m ean sco re th a n p o lit ic a l lib e r a ls in a l l th re e r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s . T h is w o u ld a p p e a r to in d ic a te a re v e rs e o f th e M -A sco res b e tw e e n r e lig io u s lib e ra ls an d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w h e re TABLE 14 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M E A N M -A SCORES BY P O L IT IC A L CATEG O RY A C C O R D IN G T O R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry R e p u b lic a n C o n s e rv a tiv e M o d e ra te f X f X L ib e ra l f X L ib e ra ls 9 59.3 15 60.9 8:. -61.9 M o d e ra te s 9 59.5 22 60.0 1 65.0 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 20 63.9 13 61.3 1 70.0 D e m o c ra t C o n s e rv a tiv e M o d e ra te f X f X L ib e ra l f X L ib e ra ls 3 57.3 7 58.0 4 62.2 M o d e ra te s 2 58.5 10 57.1 2 61.5 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 3 58.3 11 65.3 2 74.0 fu n d a m e n ta lis ts h ad th e h ig h e r m ean s c o re s a n d lib e r a ls th e lo w e r m ean sco re s . T h is m ig h t in d ic a te th a t r e lig io u s lib e r a ls a n d p o lit ic a l lib e r a ls as w e ll as r e lig io u s an d p o lit ic a l c o n s e rv a tiv e s c a n n o t be I 85 I c o rre la te d to one a n o th e r in M o r a l A ttitu d e sc o re s on th e b a s is of j th e t it le s lib e r a l o r c o n s e r v a tiv e . j H a v in g a n a ly z e d s t a t is t ic a lly th e fiv e s u b -h y p o th e s e s in I th e s tu d y , it can b e c o n c lu d e d , w ith som e r is k , th a t no e v id e n c e I c o u ld be fo u n d to s u g g e s t th e fa c t th a t r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s d iffe re d I ' s ig n ific a n tly from one a n o th e r in M - A s c o re s w h en d a ta w e re c o n tro lle d fo r th e age, sex, e d u c a tio n , o c c u p a tio n o r p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n o f re s p o n d e n ts . There a re fo u r p o s s ib le a n d lo g ic a l e x p la n a tio n s fo r th e s e fin d in g s . F ir s t, th e s m a ll n u m b er o f c a s e s in m any o f th e c e lls c re a te d a v a ria n c e w ith in a c e ll la r g e r , in m any cases, th a n th e m ean d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n re lig io u s c a te g o rie s . F o r e x a m p le , th e s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w ho w e re p ro fe s s io n a ls in T a b le 12 w as 11.6 8, w ith M - A sco res ra n g in g from 51 to 8 5 , o v e r 34 m ean p o in ts d iffe r e n c e . In th e c a s e o f p o lit ic a lly In d e p e n d e n t fu n d a m e n ta l ists, as re p o rte d in T a b le 1 3 , th e s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n w a s 13.9 6 w ith a ra n g e o f 33 m ean p o in ts fro m a lo w o f 53 to a h ig h o f 86 am ong th e s e v e n re s p o n d e n ts in th a t c e l l . O f th e fo u r m o d e ra te in d e p e n d e n ts in th e sam e t a b le , th e re w as a lo w o f 43 a n d a h ig h o f 7 5 . T h is a c c o u n ts fo r m uch o f th e d iff ic u lt y in o b ta in in g s ig n ific a n c e on a n y o f th e v a r ia b le s s u b je c te d to a n a ly s is . In T a b le 8 , th is d e s ig n p ro b lem w as m ade e x tre m e ly c le a r w h en lib e r a ls 18-19, in w h ic h one in d iv id u a l 86 w ith a M -A sco re o f 45.0 h ad to be c o m b in e d w ith th e one lib e r a l in th e 20-29 a g e b ra c k e t w ith a 64 M -A s c o re , c re a tin g a m ean sc o re I o f 54.5 a n d a s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f 13.4. T h e re w as a d iffe re n c e I o f n in e te e n p o in ts b e tw e e n th e tw o cases. ! S e c o n d , th o s e in th e s u b -s a m p le s w h ic h d id n o t f i t in to th e v a rio u s b ra c k e ts b e in g te s te d a s in th e case o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l groups as re p o rte d in T a b le 1 2 , h ad a n e ffe c t on th e s ig n ific a n c e o f th e v a r ia b le s te s te d . S tu d e n ts , h o u s e w iv e s , a n d a ll th o s e w ho w e re r e tir e d , a c c o u n te d fo r 59 33% o f th e 176. T h e ir m is s in g M -A sco re s a p p a re n tly e ffe c te d s ig n ific a n tly th e o u tco m e o f th e d a ta | e e A p p e n d ix I , p p . 1 5 4 -5 5 .] T h ird , th e re w e re th o s e w ho d id n o t re p o rt th e c a te g o ry to w h ic h | I th e y id e n t if ie d , as in th e c a s e o f p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n . S e v e n te e n > in d iv id u a ls d id n o t re s p o n d to th e s e v e n c a te g o ric a l c h o ic e s o ffe re d . The fo u rth e x p la n a tio n is s im p ly th a t th e fin d in g s a re v a lid ; th a t b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts , th e re is no d iffe re n c e in th e fin d in g s w h e n th e d a ta w e re c o n tro lle d fo r a n y one o f th e f iv e v a r ia b le s . C o m p a ra tiv e A n a ly s is o f M o r a l A ttitu d e M e a n s A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n w a s c o lle c te d in th e p ro c e s s o f te s tin g o u t c e rta in o f th e h y p o th e s e s w h ic h a re p re s e n te d h e re . T he re a s o n th e s e d a ta w e re n o t s u b je c te d to te s tin g w as due to th e fa c t th a t 8 7 som e c e lls c o n ta in e d no c a s e s an d in o th e r v a r ia b le s i t w a s o b v io u s th a t no re la tio n s h ip e x is te d b e tw e e n th e d a ta to be te s te d . D e n o m in a tio n an d M o r a l A ttitu d e S cores Do lib e r a ls , m odéra Les a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts from th e sam e d e n o m in a tio n d iffe r from on e a n o th e r in m ean M o r a l A ttitu d e s c o re s ? T h e re w e re tw e n ty - s ix p o s s ib le te s ts th a t c o u ld b e c o n d u c te d on th is q u e s tio n w h ic h w o u ld h a v e in c re a s e d th e s c o p e o f th is re s e a rc h f a r b ey o n d its in te n d e d l e v e l. T h e se te s ts w il l be le f t fo r o th e rs to c o n d u c t. The d a ta c o rre s p o n d in g to th e a b o v e q u e s tio n a re p re s e n te d in T a b le 15 . T a b le 15 re v e a le d th a t in th e C h r is tia n , L u th e ra n a n d P re s b y te r ia n c h u rc h e s , th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts h ad h ig h e r m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s , w h e re a s th e o p p o s ite w a s s e e n in th e M e th o d is t c h u rc h an d th e C h u rc h o f C h ris t w h e re th e lib e r a ls had h ig h e r m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s . N o e x p la n a tio n is o ffe re d fo r th is d iffe r e n c e . E x tre m e ly h ig h sco re s w e re re p o rte d fo r th o s e id e n tify in g th e m s e lv e s a s N o n -d e n o m in a tio n a lis ts . The fo u r in d iv id u a l's M - A s c o re s w e re 8 0 , 8 5 , 8 5 , an d 8 6 , th e h ig h e s t M - A sc o re s r e c e iv e d in th e s a m p le . T h e s e sam e fo u r a ls o r e c e iv e d th e h ig h e s t p o s s ib le s c o re on th e F »L s c a le , %45, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f o n e w ho r e c e iv e d a 241. The lo g ic a l e x p la n a tio n is th a t th is is o n e o f th e la s t b a s tio n s o f " H e l l - f ir e an d B rim s to n e , w ith g re a t s tre s s upon in d iv id u a l LO w ; g 8 w s C O != ) O I — I ë o E- i o S § o Ü Ü < o I — I g o g Q C O O O C O f o § C O 5 Ü g Î3 a ë P -. CO C C D Vi P- . I S g-s XI H 5 o 4-> w S Ü (0 ^ s § S s e C D ■ 4 - J C Q tn . a C O m £ C D c / 3 C O IX IX IX S ^ I S u ix 4-> G CO C D G Ü o ” IX IX IX is 3 | ë O O to o. co 1 L O L O 03 co C O L O 03 L O 1 to to C O 03 o O. 03 CD 1 —4 to to to r— 1 co to o 03 I — 1 to to 1 1 — i 1 --1 < N I O O co co CO o L O L O to 03 co (N I o (N I r — t 1 L O to r— 1 co CO r— I 2 C D Xi '= ï' C O to to CO C D S C D T 5 O C O to C T 3 03 to CO CD CO 4 -1 CO ( 0 G C D B ■ ë G G P h I G O S S o fd G B o G C D P IX IX . c o ^*1 -r—• a i < G . 2 . S - i C D rG c o C D s - i P P cü 4-1 C O o ü C D 4-1 G C D P L, c o 4-1 C D G 2 C D 03 B IX IX IX G & O o II e n 1 —4 2 C D Xi c o C D 4-1 2 C D T 3 O '= ï' oo o- O <NI ] LO LO NT r — 1 o. O CD 03 1 to LO CO r — 1 to LO O to 1 -1 03 LO to EN CO 03 1 —1 1 — 1 r —1 O O (NI O CD O- to LO to 03 CO NT LO Os o IX CO CD CD to LO M-4 o- 1 -I NT 1 — 1 t -1 O- O IX • • o O N T to to to LU CD LO 1 — 1 (NI co a G C D fd § P h 88 I 89 I I m o r a lit y .” The s m a ll num b er o f m o d e ra te B reth ren a n d B a p tis ts w o u ld p re c lu d e a n y h y p o th e s iz in g c o n c e rn in g th is d iffe r e n c e . F u n d a m e n ta lis t-L ib e ra l E n c la v e s a n d M o r a l A ttitu d e S cores j C e rta in d e n o m in a tio n s w e re eno ugh a lik e in m em b ersh ip I c o m p o s itio n to w a rra n t th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f tw o e n c la v e s . The fu n d a m e n ta lis t e n c la v e w as c o m p ris e d o f th e A s s e m b ly o f G o d , B a p tis t a n d B reth ren ch u rc h e s . The lib e r a l e n c la v e in c lu d e d th e C h ris tia n S c ie n c e , M e th o d is t a n d P re s b y te ria n c h u rc h e s [see A p p e n d ix G , p. 1 2 q|. a re p o rt o f th e M - A m ean sc o re s o f e a c h o f th e s e e n c la v e s is p re s e n te d in T a b le 1 6 . TABLE 16 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M E A N M - A SCORES OF F U N D A M E N T A L IS T - LIBERAL ENCLAVES A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry F u n d a m e n ta lis t E n c la v e f X L ib e ra l E n c la v e f X L ib e ra ls - 41 61.1 M o d e ra te s 7 54.8 18 58.8 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 34 6 2 . 5 2 65.5 The tw o m a jo r m eans w h ic h w e re o f c o n c e rn w e re 62.5 and 61.1, a m ean d iffe re n c e o f 1.4. T h u s , it c a n b e s ta te d w ith som e c o n fid e n c e th a t fu n d a m e n ta lis t e n c la v e d e n o m in a tio n s d id n ot d iffe r 90 s ig n ific a n tly from lib e r a l e n c la v e d e n o m in a tio n s in m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s . I I M in is te r s F - L S co res O ne f in a l to p ic c o n c e rn s th e sc o re s r e c e iv e d b y e a c h o f th e fo r ty -tw o m in is te rs p a r tic ip a tin g in th e s tu d y on th e F - L s c a le . The fo llo w in g s e c tio n w il l be d e v o te d to th o s e d a ta a n d to a c o m p a ris o n o f e a c h m in is te r w ith h is c o n g re g a tio n in term s o f th e lib e r a l- fu n d a m e n ta lis t p o la r iz a tio n . E ach m in is te r w as a s k e d i f he w o u ld lik e to c o m p le te th e I q u e s tio n n a ir e . As a n in c e n tiv e he w as to ld th a t th is w o u ld g iv e him , a n o p p o rtu n ity to co m p a re h is b e lie fs w ith th e s t a t is t ic a l a v e ra g e o f ! I I th o s e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f h is e n tire c o n g re g a tio n . F o rty -o n e o f th e i fo r ty -tw o re s p o n d e d . i S co res on th e F - L s c a le fo r th e s e m in is te rs ra n g e d from a lo w I o f 107 to a h ig h o f 245. Th is c o n tra s te d w ith th e la y m em bers ra n g e , o f 116 to 245. I f th e m in is te rs re s p o n s e w e re cu t a t th e p o in ts th a t th e la y m em bers h ad b e e n , [i.e. , 173 a n d 2 2 ^ th e re w o u ld be th ir te e n lib e r a ls , f ifte e n m o d e ra te s a n d th irte e n fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . T h is re p re s e n te d an o v e rw h e lm in g a g re e m e n t am ong m in is te rs a n d la y m em bers in term s o f d is tr ib u tio n , a lm o s t to th e p e rs o n . The m e d ia n sco re w as 190.26, 5.6 m ean p o in ts lo w e r th a n th e m ean fo r th e 176 la y m e m b e rs . T a b le 17 p re s e n ts th e F - L s co re s r e c e iv e d 91 TABLE 17 F - L SCORES A N D D E N O M IN A T IO N OF ALL M IN IS T E R S BY R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY L ib e ra ls M o d e ra te s F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 107 P re s b y te ria n 179 P re s b y te ria n 225 F rie n d s 110 M e th o d is t 180 L u th e ra n 226 B a p tis t 118 M e th o d is t 181 L u th e ra n 229 C h u rc h o f C h ris t 122 M e th o d is t 182 L u th e ra n 230 B a p tis t 124 P re s b y te ria n 183 P re s b y te ria n 233 A s s e m b ly o f C o d 129 C h ris tia n S c ie n c e 185 B a p tis t 2 3 5 B reth ren 139 P e n te c o s ta l 187 L u th e ra n 239 A s s e m b ly o f C o d 150 M e th o d is t 190 N a z a re n e 239 C h u rc h o f C h ris t 150 P re s b y te ria n 202 L u th e ra n 240 A s s e m b ly o f C o d 158 U n ity S o c ie ty 203 C h ris tia n C h u rc h 241 P e n te c o s ta l 159 P re s b y te ria n 2 0 4 C h u rc h o f C o d 243 B a p tis t 160 C h ris tia n C h u rch 211 7th D a y A d v e n tis t 245 P e n te c o s ta l 167 M e th o d is t 213 L u th e ra n 245 N o n -D e n o m in a 217 B reth ren tio n a l 221 B a p tis t I b y e a c h m in is te r a c c o rd in g to d e n o m in a tio n . The m in is te r 's re s p o n s e s fo llo w e d q u ite c lo s e ly in d e n o m in a tio n a l s e q u e n c e th a t o f th e la y m e m b e rs , w ith B a p tis t, B re th re n , a n d A s s e m b ly o f G od a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l en d a n d M e th o d is ts , C h ris tia n S c ie n c e , a n d P re s b y te ria n a t th e lib e r a l e n d . I l l C o m p a ris o n o f M in is t e r to C o n g re g a tio n on F - L S cores T a b le 18 a n o n y m o u s ly lis t s a l l m in is te rs re s p o n s e s to g e th e r w ith th e ir c o n g re g a tio n 's m ean F - L s c o re b y d e n o m in a tio n . 92 An a n a ly s is o f T a b le 18 r e v e a le d th a t in s lig h tly o v e r h a lf, 54.1%, of the cases in w h ic h c o m p a ris o n s w e re m a d e , th e c o n g re g a tio n a l re p re s e n ta tiv e s m ean F -L s c o re w as h ig h e r th a n th e m in is te r . T his is s o m ew h a t m is le a d in g h o w e v e r. I f th e p lu s e s a re to ta le d , th e fig u re is 533; i f th e m in u s e s a re to ta le d , th a t fig u re is 154. The d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e m in is te rs ' sc o re s a n d c o n g re g a tio n a l re p r e s e n ta tiv e s ' m ean sco re s th e n is a +3 79 m ean p o in ts . T h is g iv e s a m uch m ore r e a lis t ic p ic tu re o f th e s itu a tio n a n d e n a b le s a g e n e r a liz e d s ta te m e n t to be m ade th a t a c o n g re g a tio n w il l i g e n e r a lly be m ore fu n d a m e n ta l th a n th e m in is te r o f th a t c o n g re g a tio n . W h e n in f a c t , th e m in is te r is m ore fu n d a m e n ta l th a n h is c o n g re g a tio n , ! I th a t d iffe re n c e is s lig h t in m ost cases. I I A ra n k -o r d e r c o rre la tio n b e tw e e n th e m in is te rs ' F - L sco re s a n d [ th o s e o f th e c o n g re g a tio n s re v e a le d rho = .88, w h ic h w as in te rp re te d ' to m ean th e re w as a h ig h c o rre la tio n b e tw e e n th e r e lig io u s b e lie fs o f a m in is te r an d th a t o f h is c o n g re g a tio n re g a rd le s s o f w h a t th a t b e lie f s y s te m m ig h t be on th e fu n d a m e n ta l-lib e r a l s c a le . The S p e a rm a n -B ro w n P ro p h e c y F o rm u la w a s a p p lie d to th e .8 8 c o rre la tio n a n d r e v e a le d a.Tn = .93, in d ic a tin g th e c o rre la tio n to be v e ry h ig h . The w id e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n som e m in is te rs a n d th e ir c o n g re g a tio n in T a b le 1 8 , le d to th e p o s s ib le c o n c lu s io n th a t in th e s e TABLE 18 93 C O M P A R IS O N OF M IN IS T E R A N D C O N C R E C A T IO N A L M EA N F RESPONSES A C C O R D IN C TO D E N O M IN A T IO N - L D e n o m in a tio n # M in is t e r s ' F - L S core C o n g re g a tio n a l M e a n F - L S core D iffe r e n c e A s s e m b ly o f C o d 1 233 240 + 7 2 239 223 - 16 3 240 235 - 5 B a p tis t 1 185 228 + 43 2 221 230 + 9 3 226 - - 4 2 30 230 0 5 243 232 - 11 B reth ren 1 2 17 230 + 13 2 2 3 5 238 + 3 C h ris tia n C h u rch 1 160 184 + 24 2 2 03 222 + 19 C h ris tia n S c ie n c e 1 129 148 + 19 2 152 - C h u rc h o f C h ris t 1 229 205 - 2 4 2 239 228 - 11 C h u rc h o f C o d 1 2 0 4 213 + 9 F rie n d s C h u rc h 1 225 220 - 5 L u th e ra n 1 180 169 - 11 2 181 2 1 5 + 34 3 182 159 - 23 4 187 180 — 7 5 202 182 - 20 6 213 204 - 9 M e th o d is t 1 110 145 + 35 2 118 133 + 15 3 122 201 + 79 4 150 152 + 2 5 167 174 + 7 N a z a re n e 1 190 - - P e n te c o s ta l 1 139 182 + 43 2 241 - - 3 2 4 5 239 - 6 P re s b y te ria n 1 107 165 + 58 2 124 166 + 42 94 TABLE 18 (C o n tin u e d ) C O M P A R IS O N OF M IN IS T E R A N D C O N G R E G A T IO N A L M EA N F - L RESPONSES A C C O R D IN G TO D E N O M IN A T IO N D e n o m in a tio n # M in is te r s ' F - L S core C o n g re g a tio n a l M e a n F - L S core D iffe r e n c e * P re s b y te ria n 3 150 177 + 27 4 159 172 + 13 5 179 210 + 31 6 183 192 + 9 7 - 184 - 7th D a y A d v e n tis t 1 211 2 20 + 9 U n ity S o c ie ty 1 158 160 + 2 N o n -D e n o m in a tio n a l 1 2 4 5 244 - 1 + 3 7 9 = . 8 8 [ t h = . 9 ( 0 ' - = C o n g re g a tio n a l re p re s e n ta tiv e s a re m ore fu n d a m e n ta l th a n j m in is te r . | + = M in is t e r is m ore fu n d a m e n ta l th a n c o n g re g a tio n a l re p re s e n - | t a t iv e s . 1 — = In s u ffic ie n t d a ta fo r a c o m p a ra tiv e a n a ly s is . ; cases, th e re w a s less o f a re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e m in is te r a n d h is c o n g re g a tio n th a n in th e cases w h e re th e m in is te r w as c lo s e r in F - L sco re to h is c o n g re g a tio n . T h is c o n c lu s io n w as h y p o th e s iz e d fo r M e th o d is t C h u rc h nu m ber th r e e , w h ic h in d ic a te d a 79 m ean p o in t d iffe r e n c e . A ls o , f ittin g th is c a te g o ry w e re P re s b y te ria n C h u rc h e s o n e a n d tw o . B a p tis t C h u rc h o n e , P e n te c o s ta l C h u rc h o n e , a n d p o s s ib ly M e th o d is t C h u rch o n e a n d L u th e ra n C h u rc h tw o . T h is c o n c lu s io n , h o w e v e r, is c o n je c t- j 95 I I u red o n ly as an e x p lo ra to ry s ta te m e n t, ap ro p o s fo r fu rth e r re s e a rc h , I I an d in no w a y to be ta k e n as an e s ta b lis h e d f a c t . j T h is c o n c lu d e s a re p o rt o f th e fin d in g s o f th is re s e a rc h . M a n y q u e s tio n s a re r a is e d an d a n s w e re d . Y e t, m an y m ore a re ra is e d w ith o u t a n s w e rs , p a r tly to p ro v id e im p etu s an d re s o u rc e m a te ria l fo r fu tu re re s e a rc h e rs in th is a r e a , a n d p a rtly b e c a u s e th e in fo rm a tio n d id n o t le n d it s e lf s u ffic ie n tly to a n y c o n c lu s iv e a n s w e rs . IV Sum m ary The m a jo r h y p o th e s is o f th e re s e a rc h : T h e re is no d iffe re n c e I in m o ra l a ttitu d e sco res b e tw e e n lib e r a l, m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta - 1 l is t p ro te s ta n ts , p re s e n te d in its n u ll fo rm , w as r e je c te d . It w as | i fo u n d th a t fu n d a m e n ta lis ts h ad s u ffic ie n tly h ig h e r m o ral a ttitu d e j I I sco res th a n e ith e r lib e r a ls or m o d e ra te s to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t. I F iv e s u b -h y p o th e s e s w h ic h s ta te d : T h e re is no d iffe re n c e in m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s b e tw e e n l ib e r a l , m o d e ra te , a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t p ro te s ta n ts w h e n th e d a ta a re c o n tro lle d fo r a g e , sex, e d u c a tio n , o c c u p a tio n , a n d p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n o f th e re s p o n d e n ts w e re a c c e p te d in th e ir n u ll form in e a c h case. Four p o s s ib le e x p la n a tio n s w e re g iv e n fo r th e a c c e p ta n c e o f e a c h o f th e fiv e s u b -h y p o th e s e s : (1) The s m a ll num ber o f cases in m any o f th e c e lls c re a te d a v a ria n c e w ith in a c e ll la rg e r in m an y cases th a n th e m ean d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n re lig io u s c a te g o rie s ; (2) som e in d iv id u a ls in th e s u b -s a m p le s d id 96 n o t f it in to s e v e ra l o f th e c a te g o rie s w h ic h w e re te s te d , th u s a ffe c tin g som e o f th e t a b le s , p a r tic u la r ly T a b le 12 ; (3) m any in d iv id u a ls f a ile d to re p o rt a l l o f th e in fo rm a tio n re q u e s te d , su c h as o c c u p a tio n or p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n ; an d (4) th e in fo rm a tio n r e c e iv e d w as s u ffic ie n t to te s t th e s u b -s a m p le , a n d th e re fo re th e fin d in g s w e re a c c e p te d . T h e re w as fo u n d to b e a v e ry s ig n ific a n t r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n d e n o m in a tio n a n d m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s , p a r tic u la r ly in th e c a s e o f th e U n it y , F rie n d s , B a p tis t, a n d N o n -d e n o m in a tio n a l C h u rc h e s , but th e s m a ll num ber o f cases p re c lu d e d a n y s ig n ific a n t d a ta . The q u e s tio n w as r a is e d as to th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n fu n d a m e n ta lis t-lib e r a l e n c la v e s and m o ra l a ttitu d e s c o re s . It w as fo u n d th a t fu n d a m e n ta lis t e n c la v e d e n o m in a tio n s d id n o t d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly from lib e r a l e n c la v e d e n o m in a tio n s in m o ral a ttitu d e sco re s . M in is te r s w e re co m p a re d to th e ir c o n g re g a tio n s in term s o f th e lib e r a l-fu n d a m e n ta lis t p o la r iz a tio n . F in d in g s re v e a le d a h ig h c o rre la tio n b e tw e e n th e m in is te rs F - L sco re s a n d th a t o f th e ir c o n g re g a tio n a l r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s . 97 j I CHAPTER V S U M M A R Y A N D C O N C L U S IO N S Sum m ary The s tu d y d e a lt w ith m o ra l a ttitu d e s am ong p ro te s ta n ts a n d th e q u e s tio n w as asked, ” D o p ro te s ta n ts w ho a re lib e r a l, m o d e ra te o r fu n d a m e n ta lis t d iffe r from one a n o th e r in re s p e c t to th e ir m o ra l a ttitu d e s ? " To a n s w e r th e q u e s tio n , a fu n d a m e n ta l-lib e r a l s c a le w as c o n s tru c te d to p o la r iz e r e lig io u s ly th o s e to be q u e s tio n e d . Q u e s tio n s w e re d e riv e d in t u it iv e ly a fte r fiv e y e a rs o f p a rtic ip a n t o b s e rv a tio n in b oth fu n d a m e n ta lis t a n d lib e r a l c h u rc h e s . N e x t , h y p o th e tic a l s itu a tio n s w e re c o n s tru c te d w h ic h w o u ld _ I p la c e th e in d iv id u a l in to a m o ra l p o s itio n in w h ic h he m u st m ake ju d g m e n ts . M o s t o f th e s e s itu a tio n s w e re c o n s tru c te d to c o v e r th e " m o ra lly q u e s tio n a b le a re a s " o f b e h a v io r. H a v in g re s e a rc h e d th e re lig io u s d a ta d e fin e d , it w as n o te d , th a t in d iv id u a l m o ra lity a n d th e s e c u la riz a tio n o f m o rals w e re k e y c o n c e p ts to th e w h o le a re a o f r e lig io n a n d m o r a ls . On th e b a s is o f th is re s e a rc h th e M -A s c a le w as d e s ig n e d . A s a m p le o f tw o -h u n d re d a n d f if t y la y p ro te s ta n ts an d f if t y 98 p ro te s ta n t m in is te rs w as ta k e n u s in g a s im p le random s a m p lin g te c h n iq u e . A re tu rn o f 73.3% w a s a s u ffic ie n tly la rg e eno u g h num ber j o f re s p o n d e n ts fo r a n a d e q u a te s tu d y . The f in a l nu m b er u s e d in th e I s tu d y w as o n e -h u n d re d a n d s e v e n t y - s ix la y m em bers an d fo r ty -tw o m in is te rs . The fu n d a m e n ta l-lib e r a l s c a le w a s v a lid a te d u s in g a s e lf c la s s ific a tio n q u e s tio n . The s c a le w a s fo u n d to b e v a lid . M in is te r s w e re u s e d as s c a le e v a lu a to rs an d as lia is o n p e rs o n n e l b e tw e e n th e re s e a rc h e r an d la y m e m b e rs . A q u e s tio n in g o f th e s o c ia l c h a ra c te r is tic s o f th e s a m p le fo u n d th e m ean a g e to b e 4 7 , e v e n ly m a tc h e d in s e x , w ith o v e r 73% m a rrie d a n d m ost h a v in g c o m p le te d a lm o s t tw o y e a rs o f c o lle g e . O c c u p a tio n a lly , th e m a jo rity w e re p ro fe s s io n a ls , h o u s e w iv e s or c le r k s . M o s t w e re born in th e c e n tra l U n ite d S ta te s a n d a t p re s e n t o w n ed th e ir o w n h o m e. T h e y h ad a m ean in co m e o f $ 9,315 .5 0 a n d 53% c o n s id e re d th e m s e lv e s m id d le c la s s ^ e e A p p e n d ix gJ . The o v e rw h e lm in g m a jo rity w e re R e p u b lic a n s an d th e y re p re s e n te d fifte e n d e n o m in a tio n s . In te s tin g th e h y p o th e s is , it w a s fo u n d th a t fu n d a m e n ta lis ts d id d iffe r from m o d e ra te s an d lib e r a ls in m o ral a ttitu d e s as m e a s u re d by th e m o r a l-a ttitu d e s c a le . T h is fin d in g w a s s ig n ific a n t a t th e .0 5 le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e . H o w e v e r, no e v id e n c e w a s fo u n d to in d ic a te th a t th e s e th re e re lig io u s c a te g o rie s d iffe re d w h en a n y o f th e s o c ia l I 99 j c h a ra c te r is tic s w e re c o n tr o lle d . I In a c o m p a ris o n o f m in is te rs to c o n g re g a tio n a l r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s , it w as fo u n d th a t th e c o n g re g a tio n s te n d e d to b e m ore fu n d a m e n ta l th a n th e ir m in is te r s . A num ber o f doors w e re le ft op en fo r fu rth e r re s e a rc h in th is a r e a . C o n c lu s io n s C e rta in b a s ic c o n c lu s io n s c a n b e d raw n from th e d a ta . 1 . As th e s e c u la r iz a tio n o f m o rals in c r e a s e s , th e re w i l l b e le s s s tre s s on in d iv id u a l m o ra lity as e v id e n c e d in th e lib e r a l c h u rc h e s s tu d ie d . 2 . T h e m ore c o n s e rv a tiv e an d tr a d itio n a l th e in d iv id u a l or c h u rc h , th e m ore th e e m p h a s is w il l b e p la c e d upon m o ra lity as "g o o d . ” 3 . T h e re is a v a lu e s y s te m com m on to a l l A m e ric a n s w h ic h , fo r th e m ost p a rt, o v e rrid e s re lig io u s b e lie f d iffe re n c e s e x c e p t in th e a re a o f a s c e tic m o r a lity . I t is th e c o n te n tio n o f th is re s e a rc h e r th a t w e a re a t th e b e g in n in g o f a n ew era b o th in th e lib e r a l a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis t d e n o m in a tio n s . The lib e r a l d e n o m in a tio n s a re s triv in g to b ec o m e " p ro p h e tic ” or a c tio n -o r ie n te d ; m o vin g a w a y from th e " p r ie s tly " ro le w ith w h ic h th e y h a v e so lo n g b e e n id e n t if ie d . The fu n d a m e n ta l is t d e n o m in a tio n s a p p e a r a t th e p o in t o f an u p s u rg e in o p e n n e s s , y e t r e ta in in g b a s ic fu n d a m e n ta lis tic b e lie f s . The s e c u la r iz a tio n p ro c e ss 1 1 0 0 I I is w o rk in g its w a y in to th e s e d e n o m in a tio n s a t th e p re s e n t tim e . j j T h e re is th e b a s ic q u e s tio n o f th e v a lid it y o f s e lf-r e p o rts o f d e v ia n t m o ra l a t tit u d e s . A s id e from th e p ro b lem o f h o n e s ty , it is p o s s ib le th a t th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts m ay h a v e a lo w e r m o ra l th re s h o ld th a n th e lib e r a ls o r m o d e ra te s a n d a p p ly th e ir s ta n d a rd s m ore r ig o ro u s ly . O n th e o th e r h a n d , it is p o s s ib le th a t th e lib e r a ls an d m o d erates a re m ore b u rd e n e d w ith fe e lin g s o f g u ilt , n o t b e in g as c o n c e rn e d w ith th e ir o w n in d iv id u a l m o ra lity a s th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , an d th e re fo re m ore prone to r a tio n a liz e th e ir re s p o n s e s . W h e th e r th e s e lim ita tio n s d is to rt th e fin d in g s c a n be d e te rm in e d b y fu rth e r re s e a rc h . S h o rtc o m in g s o f th e S tu d y T h e re is a b o u t in a n y s tu d y c o n d u c te d , som e v a lu a b le h in d s ig h t: an e v a lu a tio n o f th in g s done a n d th o s e th in g s le f t undone in th e d e s ig n . In th e h op es o f h e lp in g th o s e y e t to do r e s e a rc h , an e n u m e ra tio n o f th e ite m s w h ic h s h o u ld h a v e b e e n c o n te m p la te d b e fo re h a n d is p re s e n te d . The S o c ia l C h a r a c te r is tic s Q u e s tio n n a ire S e v e ra l o v e rs ig h ts w e re m ade in th e c o n s tru c tio n o f th is q u e s tio n n a ir e . W h e n a s k in g fo r b ir th p la c e , a n a d e q u a te s p a c e w a s le f t in w h ic h to a n s w e r b u t th e re w as a fa ilu r e to s p e c ify w h e th e r th e a n s w e r w a s to b e c o u n try , s ta te , c it y , o r a l l th re e ; c o n s e q u e n tly . I 101 I a m ix tu re o f th e th re e w e re r e c e iv e d . As to h o u s in g , o n ly tw o I c h o ic e s w e re a v a ila b le to th e re s p o n d e n ts ; th e y e ith e r h ad tn re n t I o r ow n th e ir hom e or a p a rtm e n t. S p ace s h o u ld h a v e b e e n s u p p lie d I I fo r " o th e r, " Som e re s p o n d e n ts d id n o t f i t e ith e r c la s s if ic a tio n , I p a r tic u la r ly th o s e re s p o n d e n ts w ho w e re b e tw e e n 18 a n d 2 1 . The c a rd s h o u ld h a v e h ad (o v e r) p rin te d a t th e b o tto m on b o th s id e s o f th e c a rd . S e v e ra l re s p o n d e n ts f a ile d to f i l l o u t th e b a c k s id e o f th e c a rd , a n d o n e o r tw o f il le d o u t th e b a c k b u t n o t th e fro n t. In a s k in g th e re s p o n d e n t, " In w h a t c la s s do you c o n s id e r y o u rs e lf? " w ith th e in s tru c tio n s to c h e c k o n e , th e c h o ic e s g iv e n w e re ; U U M U L U U M M M L M U L M L LL Th e re s e a rc h e r a s s u m e d to o m uch k n o w le d g e on th e p a rt o f th o s e q u e s tio n e d , as a v e ry la rg e p e rc e n ta g e le f t th e q u e s tio n u n a n s w e re d . The re a s o n w as p re s u m a b ly n o t b e c a u s e th e y w e re s e lf-c o n s c io u s , b u t ra th e r th a t th e y d id n o t u n d e rs ta n d th e s o c io lo g ic a l s y m b o lis m . T h is s h o u ld h a v e b e e n p rin te d o u t, or b e n e a th th e c la s s ific a tio n s th e ir s h o u ld h a v e b e e n p rin te d : U U M U L U U M M M L M U L M L LL (U p p e r) (M id d le ) (L o w er) Last, ra c e as a c h a ra c te r is tic s h o u ld h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d , th o u g h fo r th is re s e a rc h , th e a re a w as kn o w n to c o n ta in a l l C a u c a s ia n s w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f one o f th e s a m p le c h u rc h e s w h ic h is a l l N e g ro . T h is m eans th a t th e s a m p le c o n ta in e d fo u r o u t o f th e o n e -h u n d re d : 102 j a n d s e v e n ty -s ix w h ic h w e re n o n -w h ite . i I The F u n d a m e n ta l-L ib e ra l S c a le i i I O ne s h o rtc o m in g o f th e F - L S c a le w as th a t it d e fin e d fu n d a m e n ta l I ' is ts too w e ll a n d lib e r a ls le s s w e ll th a n e x p e c te d . As a m a tte r o f f a c t , it see m ed as i f th e F -L s c a le w a s n o t d e s ig n e d w ith th e lib e r a l in m in d . T h is s h o u ld h a v e b e e n e x p e c te d , h o w e v e r, due to th e n a tu re o f th e b e lie f s ys te m s in v o lv e d . F u n d a m e n ta lis t b e lie fs a re m ore r ig id , f ix e d , w e ll d e fin e d , a n d th u s e a s ie r to m e a s u re , w h e re a s lib e r a l, a n d e s p e c ia lly m o d e ra te b e lie fs a re m ore f le x ib le a n d h a rd e r to c a te g o r iz e . T h e re is m ore v a r ia tio n w ith in th e b e lie f 1 s tru c tu re o f th e s e tw o g ro u p s , a n d it w a s to be e x p e c te d th a t th e s e J b e lie fs w o u ld b e h a rd e r to m e a s u re . A sec o n d ite m th a t w a s n o t a n tic ip a te d w a s th e im p o rta n c e o f th e m o d e ra te s , a n d th is c la s s if ic a tio n w a s n o t in c lu d e d as a c h o ic e in th e b u ilt - in s e lf-d e s c r ip tio n v a lid it y d e v ic e a t th e end o f s c a le o n e . M o d e ra te s h ad to w rite th a t term in th e " o th e r” s p a c e u n lik e th e ir lib e r a l or fu n d a m e n ta lis t c o lle a g u e s . F in a lly , th e m in is te r's e v a lu a tio n re v e a le d a c o n s e n s u s th a t s ix o f th e tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s w e re c o n s id e re d p e rip h e ra l to d is tin g u is h in g th e c o n te n t o f fu n d a m e n ta lis m . T h e re is o f c o u rs e a c lo s e p a r a lle l o f th e s e s ix [in a d d itio n to th e o th e r 16 q u e s tio n s ] p a r tic u la r ly in d is tin g u is h in g th e c o n te n t o f lib e r a lis m . Y e t, s c a lin g w ith in e a c h q u e s tio n it s e lf 103 I pro d u ces th is p o la r iz a tio n , th e re fo re in re fin in g th e in s tru m e n t, I j th e s e s ix q u e s tio n s m ig h t be to s s e d o u t. I i The M o r a l A ttitu d e S c a le I I t m ig h t h av e b e e n w is e r to c o n s id e r th e h ie r a r c h ic a l a rra n g in g I o f th e v a rio u s m o ral s itu a tio n s s im ila r to th e te c h n iq u e u s e d on th e F - L s c a le . G u ttm a n s c a lin g m akes fo r a n e v e n tig h te r s tu d y . S e c o n d , th e re s h o u ld h a v e b e e n m ore q u e s tio n s w h ic h d is tin g u is h b e tw e e n in d iv id u a l m o ra lity and s o c ia l r e s p o n s ib ility . The m ost se rio u s s h o rtc o m in g w as th e fa c t th a t no a tte m p t w as m ade to v a lid a te th e s c a le . The M - A s c a le s h o u ld h av e had a s e lf -v a lid a t io n q u e s tio n fo r m o ral s e lf-c o n c e p t as d id th e F -L s c a le , or in a b s e n c e o f s u c h , som e o th e r such v a lid a tin g d e v ic e . A ls o , i t m ig h t h a v e b een s im p le r a n d n e a te r to d e s ig n th e te s t w ith o b je c tiv e m o ral c a te g o rie s on an m o ra l-im m o ra l s c a le b u t it is d o u b te d th a t th is w o u ld h av e g iv e n as a c c u ra te a p ic tu r e . T h e s e , th e n , a re th e d e s ig n d e fic ie n c ie s w h ic h th o s e d o in g re s e a rc h in th is a re a in th e fu tu re m ig h t w a n t to ta k e in to c o n s id e r a tio n . The c o n trib u tio n th is re s e a rc h has m ade to th e f ie ld o f s o c io lo g y is in its d e v e lo p m e n t o f an in s tru m e n t w h ic h m ore a c c u ra te ly d is tin g u is h e s r e lig io u s b e lie f s y s te m s am ong p ro te s ta n ts , a n d th e r e la tio n s h ip o f th e s e sys te m s to m o r a lity . D e a r R everen d 104 A PPEN D IX A U N IV E R S IT Y OF SO U T H E R N C A L IF O R N IA U n iv e r s ity Park Los A n g e le s , C a lifo r n ia 9 0 0 0 7 F e b ru a ry 2 5 , 19 65 The D e p a rtm e n t o f S o c io lo g y a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a lifo r n ia is u n d e rta k in g a s tu d y o f th e a ttitu d e s a n d o p in io n s o f C h ris tia n la y m e n an d p a s to rs in th e Long B each a r e a . In o u r te le p h o n e c o n v e rs a tio n w ith y o u , w e s ta te d th a t o u r p u rp o se w a s to a s c e rta in w h e th e r th e re are d iffe re n c e s am ong p ro te s ta n ts h o ld in g d iv e rg e n t th e o lo g ic a l v ie w p o in ts in re s p e c t to a ttitu d e s to w a rd v a rio u s s o c ia l s itu a tio n s . You c an h e lp us in tw o w a y s . F ir s t, s e le c t from am ong yo u r c o n g re g a tio n fiv e in d iv id u a ls w hom you f e e l b e s t re p re s e n t th e b e lie fs an d a ttitu d e s o f yo u r ch u rc h a n d g iv e e a c h p erso n one o f th e e n c lo s e d e n v e lo p e s . You m ay e x a m in e th e s e m a te ria ls an d a s s u re th o s e s e le c te d th a t you w ill n o t k n o w o f th e re s u lts o f th e ir q u e s tio n n a ir e . A fte r h a v in g re a d th e in s tru c tio n s an d re s p o n d in g to th e q u e s tio n n a ire , a ll th e y n e e d do is drop it in to th e m a il b o x . S e c o n d ly , w e w o u ld lik e you to e v a lu a te th e q u e s tio n n a ire from a th e o lo g ic a l s ta n d p o in t as fo llo w s : (T h is w il l n o t ta k e o v e r 10 m in u te s o f y o u r t im e ) . I I 1 . R ead e a c h q u e s tio n or s ta te m e n t c a r e fu lly c o n s id e rin g th e j e v a lu a tio n s b e lo w . | 2 . PLACE THE APPROPRIATE N U M B E R , % , 2 , OR 3 , TO TH E LEFT j O F THE Q U E S T IO N N U M B E R . - 1 m eans th a t th is q u e s tio n o r s ta te m e n t, in y o u r o p in io n , j is le a s t s ig n ific a n t in d e fin in g th e c o n te n t o f th e | th e o lo g ic a l b e lie f w h ic h is te rm e d F u n d a m e n ta lis m . j - 2 m eans th a t th e q u e s tio n in yo u r o p in io n is im p o rta n t, | b u t n o t th e m ost im p o rta n t in d e fin in g th e c o n te n t o f 1 F u n d a m e n ta lis m . - 3 m eans th a t th e q u e s tio n is a c e n tra l or co re b e lie f ' a b s o lu te ly e s s e n tia l in d e fin in g th e c o n te n t o f i F u n d a m e n ta lis m . 3 . D O N O T LEAVE A N Y Q U E S T IO N U N E V A L U A T E D . PLACE E ITH E R A 1 , 2 , OR 3 , BEFORE EVERY Q U E S T IO N A N D BE 105 SURE TO USE O N L Y O N E N U M B E R BEFORE E A C H Q U E S T IO N . 4 . N o w , in a d d itio n to t h is , if you w o u ld lik e to c o m p le te th e q u e s tio n n a ire , th is w i l l g iv e you th e o p p o rtu n ity o f co m p a rin g yo u r b e lie fs w ith th e s t a t is t ic a l a v e ra g e o f th o s e re p re s e n ta tiv e o f yo u r e n tire c o n g re g a tio n . (H O W E V E R D O N O T LET TH IS IN F L U E N C E Y O U R S E L E C T IO N OF THE FIVE REPRESENTATIVES). A ls o th is w il l p ro v id e you w ith th e o p p o rtu n ity o f lo c a tin g y o u rs e lf in r e la tio n to 5 0 o th e r p a s to rs an d c o n g re g a tio n s in th e co m m u n ity in term s o f th e o lo g ic a l v ie w p o in t. A ll re s u lts w il l be in th e form o f s t a t is t ic a l a v e ra g e s a n d N O PASTOR O R C O N C RE CAT IO N W IL L IN A N Y W AY BE ID E N T IF IE D s in c e w e do n o t a s k fo r nam es or a d d re s s e s o f th e re s p o n d e n ts . In re s p o n d in g to th is q u e s tio n n a ire : 1) Read th e q u e s tio n or s ta te m e n t c a r e fu lly an d th e n p la c e an X on th e lin e p re c e d in g th e a n s w e r you m ost f u lly a g re e w ith o r w h ic h m ost c lo s e ly fits yo u r b e h a v io r. (E x a m p le - a . _ X S T R O N G LY A C R E E) 2) A n s w e r a l l 2 2 q u e s tio n s on th e s c a le . D O N O T LEAVE A N Y Q U E S T IO N BLANK. 3) O N L Y W H E N IT IS IM P O S S IB L E TO C H O O S E A N Y O TH E R A N SW ER S H O U L D Y O U PLACE AN X BEFORE THE A N SW ER U N D E C ID E D . 5 . P la c e th e q u e s tio n n a ire in th e p re -s ta m p e d e n v e lo p e p ro v id e d fo r you an d drop i t , a t yo u r v e ry e a r lie s t c o n v e n ie n c e , in to th e m a il b o x . I f a t a ll p o s s ib le , p le a s e do n o t w a it u n til la te r to do t h is . S tu d ie s w e h av e done in th e p a s t r e v e a l th a t if a p erso n w a ite d to a n s w e r a q u e s tio n n a ire , it u s u a lly got m is p la c e d am ong o th e r p a p e rs or s lip p e d h is m in d . The in fo rm a tio n on yo u r q u e s tio n n a ire ( i . e . , The num bers you h av e p la c e d to th e le f t o f th e q u e s tio n s ) is n e c e s s a ry fo r th e a d e q u a te c o m p le tio n o f th is s tu d y . W e g e n u in e ly a p p re c ia te yo u r tim e a n d h e lp in th is v e ry v it a l s tu d y . S in c e re ly , R. C h e s te r B a ile y 106 APPENDIX B SCALE O N E 1 . C o n c e rn in g th e i n f a ll ib i l it y o f th e B ib le , th e re a re no errors o f a n y k in d in th e S c rip tu re s as o r ig in a lly w r itte n . a .____ STRONGLY AGREE__________ d .____ DISAGREE b . ____ AGREE_______________________ e . ____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 2 . C h ris t w il l re tu rn to th e p la n e t e a rth in a v is ib le a n d re s u r re c te d p h y s ic a l b o d y . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE__________ d .____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE_______________________ e . ____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 3 . U s u a lly how o fte n , if e v e r , do you a tte n d a S u n d ay s c h o o l c la s s ? a .____ O N C E A W EEK d .____ A F E W T IM E S A YEAR b . ____ 2 TO 3 T IM E S e . ____ NEVER c .____ O N C E A M O N T H 4 . A ll p e o p le sh a re in th e F a th e rh o o d o f G o d a n d th e B roth erh o od o f m a n . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e .____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 5 . M a r y 's c o n c e p tio n o f Jesus w as m ira c u lo u s ly b ro u g h t a b o u t b y G od w ith o u t h e r p h y s ic a l u n io n w ith a m a n . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . U N D E C ID E D 107 6 . I b e lie v e th a t Jesus C h ris t a s c e n d e d in to h e a v e n in a re s u rre c te d p h y s ic a l b o d y . a .____ S T R O N G LY AGREE d .______ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ______ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 7 . I f I had a c h o ic e , I w o u ld c e r ta in ly c h o o s e th e King James V e rs io n (KJV) o v e r th e R e v is e d S ta n d a rd V e rs io n (RSV) o f th e B ib le as b e in g th e m ore c o rre c t v e r s io n . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ______ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . ____ U N D E C ID E D 8 . D rin k in g a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s , re g a rd le s s o f th e a lc o h o l c o n te n t, in m o d e ra tio n is fo r me s in fu l. a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e .______ _STRONGLY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 9 . G od is a G od o f w ra th a n d v e n g e a n c e as w e ll as a G od o f lo v e . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . _______STR O N G LY DISAGREE ' c . U N D E G ID E D I --------- 1 0 . Jesus C h ris t is m ore th a n h u m an . H e is G o d . a . ____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . _______ST R O N G LY DISAGREE c . ____ U N D E G ID E D 1 1 . H o w o fte n , i f e v e r , do you re a d th e B ib le ? a ._____SEVERAL T IM E S A DAY d ._____ S E L D O M b ._____O N G E A DAY e . ____ NEVER c . AT LEAST O N C E A W EEK 108 1 2 . H o w o fte n , i f e v e r , do you p ra y ? a . ____ SEVERAL T IM E S A DAY d ._____ S E L D O M b . O N C E A DA Y e . N EVER c . ____ AT LEAST O N C E A W EEK 1 3 . A ll o f th e w o rld 's g re a t r e lig io n s , o th e r th a n C h r is tia n ity , a re fa ls e an d th e in d iv id u a ls th a t ad h e re to th o s e b e lie fs w i l l , w h en th e y d ie b e c a s t a w a y b y G od in to e te rn a l to rm e n t. a .____ STR O N G LY AGREE d .______ DISAG REE b .____ AGREE e . ______ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 1 4 . Jesus a c tu a lly fe d 5 0 0 0 p e o p le o ut o f fiv e lo a v e s a n d tw o f is h , w a lk e d on w a te r, a n d ra is e d th e d e a d to l i f e . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d . ______DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ______ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 1 5 . The C h r is tia n 's m a in r e s p o n s ib ility is to " w in s o u ls to C h r is t . ' a . ____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______DISAGREE b . _____AGREE e . ______S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . _____U N D E C ID E D 1 6 . F o r a p erso n to b e a C h r is tia n , he m ust a t som e tim e d u rin g I h is lif e be born a s e c o n d tim e o f G o d . a . _____S TR O N G LY AGREE d . ______DISAGREE b . _____AGREE e . _____ _S T R O N G L Y DISAGREE c . _____U N D E C ID E D 1 7 . S m oking in a n y form is fo r me s in fu l. a ._____S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______DISAGREE b ._____AGREE e . _____ _S T R O N G L Y DISAGREE c . U N D E C ID E D 109 118. H o w o fte n , i f e v e r , do you s a y g ra c e b e fo re b e g in n in g yo u r I e v e n in g m e a l? I a . ALW AYS d .____ AT SPEC IA L H O LID A Y S I b . ALWAYS AT H O M E BUT O N L Y N O T IN P U B L IC e .____ NEVER c . ____ O C C A S IO N A L L Y 1 9 . A bout how o fte n , i f e v e r , h a v e you a tte n d e d m o rn in g w o rs h ip s e rv ic e s in th e la s t y e a r? a .____ O N C E A W EEK d ._____ A F E W T IM E S A YEAR b .____ 2 TO 3 T IM E S A M O N T H e . NEVER c .____ O N C E A M O N T H 2 0 . Jesus C h ris t is th e o n ly w a y to G o d . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d ._____DISAGREE b AGREE e ._____STRON G LY DISAGREE c . ____ U N D E C ID E D 2 1 . I am a g a in s t th e W o rld C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s ( W C C ) , its b a s ic p h ilo s o p h y , an d a l l th a t it s ta n d s fo r . a .____ S T R O N G LY AGREE d ._____DISAGREE b .____ _AGREE e . _____STRONGLY DISAGREE c . _____UN D E C ID E D 2 2 . I b e lie v e th a t m ost C a th o lic s a re n o t tr u ly C h r is tia n s . a . ____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d ._____DISAGREE b . _ ____AGREE e . _____STRONGLY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D I w o u ld c o n s id e r m y s e lf r e lig io u s ly to be a (c h e c k one) L ib e ra l F u n d a m e n ta lis t O th e r (D e s c rib e ) ________ 110 A P P E N D IX C U N IV E R S IT Y O F SO U T H E R N C A L IF O R N IA U n iv e r s ity Park Los A n g e le s , C a lifo r n ia 9 0 0 0 7 F e b ru a ry 2 7 , 19 65 D e a r C h ris tia n F rie n d , The D e p a rtm e n t o f S o c io lo g y a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a lifo r n ia is u n d e rta k in g a s tu d y c o n c e rn in g a ttitu d e s a n d o p in io n s o f C h ris tia n la y m e n lik e y o u rs e lf in th e Long Beach a r e a . T h is in fo rm a tio n is n e e d e d b y th o u sa n d s o f m in is te rs to show th e e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f th e ch u rc h in in d iv id u a l liv e s in th is p re s e n t d a y a n d a g e . W e s e le c te d Long B each fo r o u r s tu d y b e c a u s e o f its re m a rk a b le in te re s t in C h r is tia n ity as e x e m p lifie d b y its o v e r 150 p ro te s ta n t c h u rc h e s . F o r th is s tu d y , w e s e le c te d 50 o f th e s e c h u rc h e s an d y o u r c h u rc h is one o f th o s e s e le c te d . Y o u r p a s to r is w illin g to h e lp us in th is re s e a rc h p ro je c t b y s e le c tin g from am ong h is c o n g re g a tio n fiv e in d iv id u a ls whom he fe e ls b e s t re p re s e n ts th e b e lie fs a n d a ttitu d e s o f h is ch u rch ; you a re one o f th e f i v e , a h u m b lin g c o m p lim e n t in d e e d . K n o w in g , th e re fo re , th a t you a re a d e v o te d C h r is tia n , o n e w ho is c o n c e rn e d a b o u t fu rth e rin g th e c a u s e o f C h r is t, w e a s k th a t you ta k e th is m in u te to f i l l out th is q u e s tio n n a ire , as h o n e s tly as you c a n . T h is w il l n o t ta k e o v e r 10 to 15 m in u te s . W e do not w a n t you to id e n tify y o u rs e lf in a n y w a y . D O N O T PU T Y O U R N A M E O N T H IS Q U E S T IO N N A IR E O R THE C A R D . T h a t w a y , n e ith e r y o u r p a s to r, n o r an y o n e e ls e , in c lu d in g th is re s e a rc h s ta ff, w il l kn o w w ho has f ille d o u t th e fo rm . D IR E C T IO N S The q u e s tio n n a ire is in tw o p a r ts . The f ir s t s e c tio n d e a ls w ith C h ris tia n b e lie fs an d a c t iv it ie s ; th e sec o n d w ith s o c ia l b e lie fs an d a c t iv it ie s . C o m p le te th e f ir s t s e c tio n b e fo re a n s w e rin g th e q u e s tio n s in th e sec o n d s e c tio n , 1 . Read th e q u e s tio n c a r e fu lly an d th e n p la c e an X on th e lin e p re c e d in g th e a n s w e r you m ost f u lly a g re e w ith or w h ic h m ost c lo s e ly fits y o u r b e h a v io r. Ill ( lik e th is - a . X S TR O N G LY AGREE) 2 . A n s w e r a l l 22 q u e s tio n s on th e f ir s t s c a le , a n d a l l 22 q u e s tio n s on th e s e c o n d s c a le . D O N O T LEAVE A N Y Q U E S T IO N BLANK. 3 . O N L Y W H E N IT IS IM P O S S IB L E TO C H O O S E A N Y O T H E R A N S W E R S H O U L D Y O U PLACE A N X IN FR O N T OF THE ANSW ERS U N D E C ID E D O R D O N 'T K N O W . 4 . A fte r you h a v e fin is h e d a n s w e rin g a ll th e q u e s tio n s , F IL L O U T TH E S M A L L 3 x 5 CARD C O M P L E T E L Y . 5 . P la c e b o th th e c a rd an d th e q u e s tio n n a ire b a c k in to th e p re -s ta m p e d e n v e lo p e in w h ic h y o u re c e iv e d them a n d s e a l th e e n v e lo p e . D ro p th e le t t e r , a t yo u r v e ry e a r lie s t c o n v e n ie n c e , in th e m a il b o x . I f a t a l l p o s s ib le , p le a s e do n o t w a it u n til la te r to do t h is . S tu d ie s w e have done in th e p a s t re v e a le d th a t if a p e rs o n w a ite d to a n s w e r a q u e s tio n n a ire , it u s u a lly s lip p e d h is m in d , and w e c o n s id e r e v e ry q u e s tio n n a ire in th is s tu d y to be im p o rta n t. W e g e n u in e ly a p p re c ia te yo u r tim e a n d h e lp in th is v e ry v it a l s tu d y . S in c e r e ly , R. C h e s te r B a ile y r ' 112 A PPE N D IX D F O L L O W -U P M A T E R IA L * 1 . F o llo w -u p fo r th e m in is te r a n d th e c o n g re g a tio n : D e a r P a s to r , M a rc h 1 8 , 19 65 T h is is a fo llo w -u p on o u r s tu d y d e a lin g w ith C h ris tia n a n d s o c ia l a ttitu d e s w h ic h w e a re c o n d u c tin g am ong p a s to rs & la y m e n . As o f th is w r it in g , w e h a v e n o t r e c e iv e d yo u r q u e s tio n n a ire w ith the e x tre m e ly im p o rta n t e v a lu a tio n you m ade o f e a c h q u e s tio n . To o u r k n o w le d g e , th is s tu d y re p re s e n ts th e f ir s t s y s te m a tic a tte m p t to s tu d y th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n in d iv id u a l b e lie fs an d s o c ia l a t tit u d e s . I f th e re s u lts o f th is in v e s tig a tio n a re to be u s e fu l to us an d u ltim a te ly to y o u , it is im p o rta n t th a t w e r e c e iv e : (1) th e e v a lu a tio n to th e le f t o f e a c h q u e s tio n a n d (2) yo u r re s p o n s e to th e q u e s tio n s th e m s e lv e s , w h ic h you m ay be a s s u re d w il l be h e ld in c o m p le te c o n fid e n c e . W ith g e n u in e a p p re c ia tio n fo r yo u r c o o p e ra tio n , P .S . R. C h e s te r B a ile y It seem s th a t w e h a v e a ls o f a ile d to re c e iv e a n y (o n e , tw o , th re e , four) o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire s from th o s e you s e le c te d as r e p re s e n ta tiv e o f yo u r c h u rc h . W o u ld you in q u ire in to th is fo r us ? 2 . F o llo w -u p fo r th e c o n g re g a tio n a lo n e : D e a r P a s to r , M a rc h 1 8 , 1965 T h is is a fo llo w -u p on o u r s tu d y d e a lin g w ith C h ris tia n a n d s o c ia l a ttitu d e s w h ic h w e a re c o n d u c tin g am ong p a s to rs & la y m e n . To our k n o w le d g e , th is s tu d y re p re s e n ts th e fir s t s y s te m a tic a tte m p t to s tu d y th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n in d iv id u a l b e lie fs an d s o c ia l a ttitu d e s . H o w e v e r, as o f th is w r it in g , w e h a v e f a ile d to r e c e iv e o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire s from th o s e yo u s e le c te d as re p re s e n ta tiv e o f y o u r c h u rc h . W e do th a n k you fo r yo u r prom pt re s p o n s e an d kn o w th a t yo u fe e l as do w e , th a t if th e re s u lts o f th is in v e s t i g a tio n a re to be u s e fu l to us a n d u ltim a te ly to y o u , it is im p o rt a n t th a t w e r e c e iv e th e s e q u e s tio n n a ire s . W o u ld you in q u ire 113 in to th is m a tte r fo r u s ? W ith g e n u in e a p p re c ia tio n fo r y o u r c o o p e ra tio n , R. C h e s te r B a ile y *A11 w ritte n fo llo w -u p m a te ria l w as p e rs o n a lly ty p e d on a 3 1 /4 X 5 1 /2 p o s ta l c a rd . S e co n d F o llo w -u p T H IS IS A S E C C N D F C L L C W -U P C N C U R S T U D Y D E A L IN G W IT H C H R IS T IA N A N D S C C IA L A T T IT U D E S . IF Y C U HAVE ALREADY R ETUR NED Y C U R Q U E S T IC N N A IR E , PLEASE DISR EG AR D T H IS C A R D . D e a r P a s to r , A p ril 6 , 1965 T h is w e e k m arks th e f in a l p e rio d fo r th e c o lle c tio n o f our d a ta . W e h a v e b e e n g re a tly e n c o u ra g e d b y th is c o m m u n ity 's re m a rk a b le in te re s t in a n d re s p o n s e to o u r s tu d y . H o w e v e r, th e re a re s t il l a fe w q u e s tio n n a ire s w h ic h h a v e n o t b e e n re tu rn e d . As w e h av e s a id b e fo re , w e c o n s id e r e a c h in d iv id u a l's q u e s tio n n a ire to be im p o rta n t, as im p o rta n t as a v o te in a m a jo r e le c tio n . T h e re fo re , w o u ld it be p o s s ib le fo r you to , a t th is tim e , EVALUATE THE Q U E S T IC N N A IR E b y p la c in g a 1, 2 , o r 3 to th e le f t o f e a c h q u e s tio n n u m b e r, an d th e n , i f you so d e s ir e , to re s p o n d to th e q u e s tio n s th e m s e lv e s ? In c id e n t ly , w e s t il l h av e n o t r e c e iv e d a n y (o n e , tw o , th re e , four) o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire s from th e c o n g re g a tio n . Your h e lp is v e ry m uch n e e d e d if th is is to be an e ffe c tiv e s tu d y . A g a in m ay w e th a n k y o u . R. C h e s te r B a ile y 114 A P PE N D IX E S O C IA L C H A R A C TE R IS TIC S Q U E S T IO N N A IR E * FO R O F F IC IA L USE O N L Y ; DATE:___________________ACE____________ SEX: (c ir c le one) M F M A R ITA L STATUS: M a r r ie d D iv o rc e d S e p a ra te d W id o w /e r ( c ir c le one o f th e ab o ve) E D U C A T IO N : 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (c ir c le h ig h e s t c o m p le te d g rade) D ID Y O U EVER A T T E N D A P A R O C H IA L S C H O O L ? Yes N o IF TH E A N SW ER IS Y E S , H O W L O N C ? _________________ ___ PRESENT O C C U P A T IO N :__________________________________________ BIRTHPLACE: D O Y O U :_____ R ent_____ o r o w n_____ y o u r hom e or a p a rtm e n t? REVERSE S ID E W H A T IS Y O U R F A M IL Y 'S AVERAGE A N N U A L IN C O M E ? IN W H A T CLASS D O Y O U C O N S ID E R YO UR SELF ? (c h e c k one) U U M U L U U M M M L M U L M L LL W H A T P O L IT IC A L C A TEG O RY BEST DESCRIBES Y O U ? C o n s e rv a tiv e R e p u b lic a n M o d e ra te R e p u b lic a n L ib e ra l R e p u b lic a n C o n s e rv a tiv e D e m o c ra t M o d e ra te D e m o c ra t L ib e ra l D e m o c ra t In d e p e n d e n t O th e r (d e s c rib e ) *T h e q u e s tio n n a ire w a s p rin te d on b o th s id e s o f a 3 x 5 w h ite c a rd . 115 A PPEN D IX F SCALE T W O 1 . I f w h ile d riv in g dow n a d e s e rte d s tre e t I sa w tw o b oys try in g to b re a k open a p a rk in g m e te r, I w o u ld p ro b a b ly be th e ty p e th a t w o u ld im m e d ia te ly fin d a te le p h o n e a n d c a ll th e p o lic e , a ._____S T R O N G LY AGREE d ._____ DISAGREE b ._____AGREE e ._____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . U N D E C ID E D 2 . To be v e ry tr u th fu l, m y fir s t re a c tio n to a drunk w e a v in g dow n a s id e w a lk in " s k id ro w " is to a v o id h im . a .____ STRONGLY AGREE d^._____DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . _____ S T R O N G L Y DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 3 . I w as th e ty p e o f c h ild th a t a lw a y s g o t o th e rs to do s o m e th in g b e fo re I w o u ld try i t . a .____ STR O N G LY AGREE d ._____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e ._____ ST R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 4 . I f I had m y w a y , I w o u ld m ake R e lig io u s E d u c a tio n (th e s tu d y o f th e B ib le ) m a n d a to ry fo r a ll p e o p le in p u b lic s c h o o ls . a .____ S T R O N G LY AGREE d ._____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e ._____ ST R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 5 . F a ilin g to p ay th e fa re if th e c o n d u c to r o v e rlo o k s me on a c a b le c a r rid e o f o n ly e ig h t b lo c k s w o u ld b e a l l rig h t th a t one t im e . a .____ s t r o n g l y a g r e e d ._____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . _____STRO NG LY DISAGREE c . U N D E C ID E D I 116 6 . T e llin g s m a ll c h ild re n th a t S a n ta C la u s le a v e s p re s e n ts u n d er th e C h ris tm a s tre e an d c a n d y in th e ir s to c k in g is c e r ta in ly a ll r ig h t. a .____ STR O N G LY AGREE d .______DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c ._____ U N D E C ID E D 7 . I g uess I te n d to be th e ty p e o f p erso n th a t h o ld s a grudge a l i t t l e lo n g e r th a n m o st p e o p le . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d . ______DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ______STR O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 8 . I im a g in e fo r som e p e o p le it is a ll rig h t to t e ll a s m a ll w h ite l ie to s a v e fa c e . a .____ STR O N G LY AGREE d . ______DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e ._____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 9 . In a s u p e rm a rk e t I com e a c ro s s som e c a n n e d v e g e ta b le s th a t h a d b e e n on s a le th e d a y b e fo re . The s to c k c le rk has ju s t fin is h e d m a rk in g o u t th e s a le p ric e an d re m a rk in g th e n ew p r ic e , h o w e v e r I s ee tw o c a n s w h ic h th e s to c k c le rk m is s e d . I w o u ld , u n d e r th e s e c o n d itio n s , be ju s t if ie d in ta k in g th e tw o c a n s , p a y in g fo r th e m , a n d s a y in g n o th in g . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . _____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 1 0 . I b e lie v e ta k in g s o m e th in g lik e fo o d to h e lp som eone in d e s p e ra te n e e d is a ll r ig h t. a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______DISAGREE b . ____ AGREE 0 * ______S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . U N D E C ID E D 117 1 1 . I f I h a p p e n e d to see a p e rs o n ta k e a c a rto n o f c ig a re tte s in a s to re an d put them in s id e his ja c k e t , a n d I w e re c o n v in c e d th a t he w as s te a lin g th e m , th e s m a rte s t th in g I c o u ld do w o u ld be to n o t g e t in v o lv e d , a . ____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .______DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . _____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 1 2 . I gu ess I am th e ty p e th a t has a te n d e n c y to d riv e o v e r th e p o s te d s p e e d lim it o c c a s io n a lly . a .____ S T R O N G LY AGREE d .______DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e ._____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 1 3 . V o tin g o r n o t v o tin g in a c ity e le c tio n c e r ta in ly has n o th in g to do w ith m o r a lity . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d ._____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . _____ ST R O N G LY DISAGREE c . ____ U N D E C ID E D 1 4 . I b e lie v e it w o u ld be a l l rig h t fo r a p e rso n to use h is s ic k le a v e b e n e fits w h en he r e a lly is n o t s ic k if he has s o m e th in g r e a lly im p o rta n t to d o . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d ._____ DISAGREE b . ____ AGREE e . _____ ST R O N G LY DISAGREE c . ____ U N D E C ID E D 1 5 . I b e lie v e I h a v e a lw a y s , to th e b e s t o f m y k n o w le d g e , a c c u r a te ly an d h o n e s tly f ille d o u t in co m e ta x o r e m p lo y m e n t a p p lic a tio n fo rm s . a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d ._____ DISAGREE b . • A GREE e ._____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . U N D E C ID E D 118 1 6 . T h e re is c e r ta in ly n o th in g m o ra lly w ro n g w ith ta k in g m in o r th in g s lik e s c ra tc h p a p e r, p e n c ils , a n d p a p e r c lip s from the o f f ic e . a ._____S TR O N G LY AGREE__________ d .____ DISAGREE b ._____AGREE_______________________ e . ____ STR O N G LY DISAGREE c ._____U N D E C ID E D 1 7 . I f e e l th a t if I fo u n d a w a lle t w h ic h c o n ta in e d $ 5 5 0 . 00 in c a s h , I w o u ld be ju s t if ie d in ta k in g $5 as p ay m e n t fo r c o s ts in v o lv e d a n d fo r m y r e s p o n s ib ility in re tu rn in g it to th e o w n e r. a . _____S TR O N G LY AGREE__________ d .____ DISAGREE b . _____AGREE_______________________ e .____ ST RON G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 1 8 . I f w h ile ta k in g a d riv e r's lic e n s e e x a m in a tio n a l it t l e o ld la d y on th e o th e r s id e o f the ta b le a s k e d me fo r th e a n s w e r to one o f th e q u e s tio n s , it w o u ld be a l l rig h t to g iv e h er th a t one a n s w e r. a .____ S TR O N G LY AGREE d .____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c .____ U N D E C ID E D 1 9 . T e llin g l i t t l e c h ild re n th a t the E a s te r b u n n y le a v e s eggs on E a s te r is c e r ta in ly n o t m o ra lly w ro n g . a .____ STR O N G LY AGREE d .____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . ____ U N D E C ID E D 2 0 . P e o p le w ho s a y th e y h a v e not lo o k e d on a n o th e r p a p e r d u rin g an e x a m in a tio n (s c h o o l, c iv il s e r v ic e , c o lle g e e n tra n c e e x a m in a tio n s an d th e lik e ) a re c e r ta in ly n o t b e in g v e ry h o n est a .____ S T R O N G LY AGREE d .____ DISAGREE b .____ AGREE e . ____ S T R O N G LY DISAGREE c . U N D E C ID E D 119 2 1 . I f I fo u n d a n ew tir e in fro n t o f m y h o u se one m o rn in g w ith no id e n tific a tio n on i t , I w o u ld b e ju s t if ie d in k e e p in g i t i f no one c a lle d fo r i t . a .____ S T R O N G LY AGREE b .____ AGREE c . U N D E C ID E D d ._____ .DISAGREE e . S T R O N G LY DISAGREE 2 2 . As a b irth d a y p re s e n t fo r m y d a u g h te r, w ho ju s t tu rn e d 12 y e a rs o ld , I ta k e h er a n d th re e o f h e r frie n d s w h o s e a g e s a re b e tw e e n 11 a n d 11 1 /2 to D is n e y la n d fo r th e d a y . In p u rc h a s in g th e tic k e ts I n o tic e a s ig n w h ic h re a d s , "GENERAL A D M IS S IO N A N D 10 RIDES - C h ild re n u n d er 1 2 , $2.95; Juniors 12 to 1 7 , $ 3 .4 5 ." S in c e m y d a u g h te r h ad ju s t tu rn e d 12 th a t d ay it w o u ld be a l l rig h t to buy th e $2.95 t ic k e t fo r h e r. a .____ S T R O N G LY AGREE b .____ AGREE c . U N D E C ID E D d ._____ DISAGREE e . STR O N G LY DISAGREE 120 A P P E N D IX G S o c ia l-C h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e S am p le The tw e lv e s o c ia l c h a ra c te r is tic s p re s e n te d in C h a p te r I I I , p lu s one o th e r, in d ic a te s d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n th e th re e groups in th is s tu d y . A g e . - - The ag e s o f th e lib e r a ls ra n g e d from 19 to 7 7 , w ith a m ean o f 50.211. The s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n w as 13.472. The ag e s o f th e m o d e ra te s ra n g e d from 29 to 7 5 , w ith a m ean o f 4 8 .4 1 8 . The s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n w as 11.203. The ag e s o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts ra n g e d from 18 to 8 0 , w ith a m ean o f 42.673. The s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n w as 15.041. The d iffe re n c e in m ean a g e s b e tw e e n lib e r a ls and m o d e ra te s w as 1. 793 y e a r s . B e tw e e n m o d e ra te s an d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , th e m ean d iffe re n c e w as 5.745 y e a r s , an d f in a lly b e tw e e n lib e r a ls a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts th e m ean d iffe re n c e w a s 7.538 y e a r s . F o r th e to ta l s a m p le , the m ean a g e w a s 47.220. T a b le 19 show s th e m ean ag e fo r th e th re e re lig io u s c a te g o rie s a n d th e to ta l s a m p le . TABLE 19 M E A N AGE A C C O R D IN G T O R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry N M EA N S .D . N O T STATED L ib e ra ls 57 50.211 13.472 2 M o d e ra tè s 55 48.418 11.203 3 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 52 42.673 15.041 7 T o ta l 164 47.220 13.559 12 121 S e x . - - In th e to ta l sa m p le th e re w e re 85 m a le s an d 82 fe m a le s . N in e re s p o n d e n ts d id n o t a n s w e r th e q u e s tio n . The lib e r a ls w e re th e m ost e q u a lly d iv id e d group re p o rtin g 28 m a le s a n d 29 fe m a le s . M o d e ra te s n e x t w ith 2 5 m a le s an d 31 fe m a le s , an d f in a ll y , th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts re p o rte d 32 m a le s a n d 22 fe m a le s . T a b le 20 re p o rts th e fre q u e n c ie s a n d p e rc e n ta g e s o f m a le s a n d fe m a le s in th e s a m p le a c c o rd in g to r e lig io u s c a te g o ry . TABLE 2 0 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D PERCENTAGES O F REPORTED MALES A N D FEM ALES A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry N M ALE f % FEM ALE f % N O T STATED f % L ib e ra ls 59 28 47.4 29 49. 1 2 3.3 M o d e ra te s 58 25 4 2 . 1 31 53.4 2 3.4 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 59 32 54.2 22 37.2 5 8.4 T o ta l 176 85 48.2 82 46.7 9 5.1 M a r it a l S ta tu s . — O f th e 175 w ho w e re a s k e d th e ir m a r ita l s ta tu s , 129 o r 73.2% re p o rte d th e y w e re m a rrie d . F o r ty -s ix lib e ra ls w e re m a rrie d w ith 2 s in g le an d 6 w id o w s . T h ir ty -n in e o f th e m o d e ra te s w e re m a rrie d , 2 w e re d iv o rc e d , one w a s s e p a ra te d , fiv e w e re w id o w s , one w as a w id o w e r an d 6 w e re s in g le . The fu n d a m e n ta lis ts re p o rte d 44 m a rrie d , one s e p a ra te d , 3 w id o w s a n d 5 s in g le . T h e re w e re no I 122 I lib e r a ls or fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w ho w e re d iv o rc e d . T a b le 21 p re s e n ts a I j b re a k d o w n o f fre q u e n c ie s a n d p e rc e n ta g e s o f th e m a rita l s ta tu s o f I th e to ta l sam p le a c c o rd in g to re lig io u s c a te g o ry . I E d u c a tio n . — The m ost h ig h ly e d u c a te d c a te g o ry in th e s a m p le w e re i j th e m o d e ra te s w ith 14.2 y e a rs c o m p le te d . N e x t cam e th e lib e r a ls w ith 14.0 y e a rs a n d th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w ith 13.2 y e a rs c o m p le te d , one y e a r le s s th a n th e lib e r a ls . T a b le 22 p re s e n ts th e fre q u e n c ie s a n d p e rc e n ta g e s o f e d u c a tio n as in d ic a te d b y th e n um ber o f y e a rs e d u c a tio n a tta in e d o f th e to ta l sam p le a c c o rd in g to r e lig io u s c a te g o ry . The o v e r a ll e d u c a tio n a l le v e l o f th e sam p le w a s w e ll a b o v e the m ean fo r th e c o u n try as a w h o le an d in fa c t th a t o f th e s ta te . The a v e ra g e o f th e sam p le w as 13.8 (e x c lu d in g e ig h t in d iv id u a ls u n d er 2 5 y e a rs o f ag e] y e a rs c o m p le te d . The a v e ra g e y e a rs c o m p le te d fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s p o p u la tio n a ls o in 1965 was 11.8,^^ a n d fo r C a lifo r n ia th e la te s t d a ta re le a s e d fo r 1960 s h o w ed a m e d ia n o f 12.1^^ y e a rs c o m p le te d . C e n s u s d a ta is g a th e re d on th o s e 2 5 y e a rs a n d o ld e r. U n ite d S ta te s B ureau o f th e C e n s u s , S t a tis tic a l A b s tra c t o f th e U n ite d States, (W a s h in g to n , D . C . : G o ve rn m e n t P rin tin g O ff ic e , 1966), p. 113. ^"^Ibid. , p . 114. w m "O M PQ D -, M S-i S w s - i w P h w O 123 OO 1 — 1 L O 0 0 L O o r — 1 O O L O c o L O P —4 c o C O c o c o C D I— i O O IN . O ] C O L O C O 1 — 1 o C D L O o 1 — 1 C D O o r-H ( p 1 — 1 1 — 1 C O C D C D o 1 — 1 0 0 L O IN . L O C O 1 —H o !>>. L O 1 — I o 1 — 1 1 — 1 r —H 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 CM o O r —I o C O C D 1 — 1 o (N I C D CM C D (N I L O CM !>>. IN . N T C O t o IN . IN . lO C D C D C O CM 1 — 1 C D CO C D L O L O L O L O en +-» en - i - i 1 ' H r a IN . r —H e n (3 S-I C D J Q e n C D -M 2 (D T 3 O C C D S C :3 P h f O 4-J o E - 4 CM CM 5 C Q 0 Q w P h O O S O I — I g D Q w li O É 3 d p ^ H O P C O !3 o O Î3 O ^ i s P P P h E— I ë Ü S i w O 0 O O e n w Ü P :; w P h Q § C O w Ü w 1 =) a w P :: P h < ê l 4-> C O CD LO ■a 6? CM -C D - O O S Er o o i f OO r—4 O O C D OO L O O O O O CM O O CM I S . O N T C D CM CM L O < ± ) CM CM r—4 CM OO OO o L O r— H r —I t— I O O O O CM o CM o L O CM r— H 1 ' 1 CM o OO L O r— H r— H 0 3 C D L O L O C D r— H O O r— H O O 1 — 1 L O 1 — 1 IN . O O O O L O IN . 1 ----1 L O OO O r— H 1 — 1 [N - N M O O S O N T L O O O L O O O 3 IN . OO CM 0 0 3 [N - o CM C D OO r—4 CM OO CM O O O O CM NT* O O C D 1 ' 1 i"H 1 1 r— H l O o [N . OO NT* L O 1 ' 1 O O O O OO 1 1 CM L O C D o O CM 1 ' 1 o L O CM 1 ' 1 o OO o o o o o o o o o o o o o N T o L O L O O O L O N T OO CM OO OO C D O O C D L O L O L O L O r o tn 2 C D Xi m C D 4-> 2 C D U O tn f . 1 cn fC 4-> a, C D S •s 0 a P h 124 f C J 4-> o , 125 A c o m p a ris o n o f th e to ta l sa m p le w ith the U .S . p o p u la tio n sh o w ed m ore c le a r ly th e h ig h e r th a n a v e ra g e le v e l o f e d u c a tio n a tta in e d by the s a m p le . TABLE 23 PERCENTAGES O F REPORTED N U M B E R OF YEARS E D U C A T IO N C O M P L E T E D BY TH E TO TAL SAM PLE A N D TH E 1960 U N IT E D STATES P O P U L A T IO N 8 9-11 1 2 13-15 16+ T o ta l 4 . 5 5 .6 28.9 21.9 34.6 U n ite d S ta te s ^ ^ P o p u la tio n 17.5 19.2 24.6 8.8 7.7 D iffe r e n c e - 1 3 . 0 - 1 3 . 6 + 4.3 -1 3 .1 +2 6.9 x 2=133.518, 4df, P<.0001 . P erhaps it is m ore e a s ily c o m p re h e n d e d by th e g ra p h ic illu s tr a tio n show n in F ig u re 5 , pag e 12 6 . P a ro c h ia l S c h o o lin g . - - A v e ry lo w p e rc e n ta g e o f th e s a m p le a tte n d e d a p a ro c h ia l s c h o o l a t a n y tim e w ith in th e ir e d u c a tio n a l c a re e r. O f th e 56 lib e ra ls a n s w e rin g th e q u e s tio n , o n ly o n e h ad a tte n d e d a p a ro c h ia l s c h o o l an d th e n fo r o n ly one y e a r . O f th e 55 m o d e ra te s ^^I b i d . , p . 113. M in u s in d ic a te s th e p e rc e n ta g e th e s a m p le is b e lo w th e a v e ra g e o f th e U n ite d S ta te s p o p u la tio n , a p lu s in d ic a te s th e p e rc e n ta g e th e sam p le is ab o v e th e a v e ra g e o f th e U n ite d S ta te s p o p u la tio n . 126 FIG URE 5 E D U C A T IO N A L A T T A IN M E N T OF TH E TO TA L SAM PLE A N D THE U N IT E D STATES P O P U L A T IO N % ot P o p . 35 30 25 20 15 10 / / / / é / / ' / "V •v V» / / / / / — / . ^ \ -s. \ V. / / / / / / f / / / / / / / f 8 9 - I I 12 1 3 -1 5 1 6+ Ssm pI© U n ite d S ta te s P o p u la tio n 127 re p o rtin g , o n ly 2 had a tte n d e d p a ro c h ia l s c h o o l, one b e tw e e n 2 and 3 y e a rs an d th e o th e r between 8 a n d 9 y e a rs . O ne fu n d a m e n ta lis t had a tte n d e d p a ro c h ia l s c h o o l b e tw e e n 2 a n d 3 y e a r s . T h u s , o n ly 2% o f th e to ta l s am p le in d ic a te d h a v in g a tte n d e d a p a ro c h ia l s c h o o l. O c c u p a tio n . - - The sa m p le w a s asked to s ta te th e ir p re s e n t o c c u p a tio n . For p urpo ses o f th is s tu d y , e le v e n c la s s ific a tio n s w e re u s e d . P ro fe s s io n a l o r s e m i-p r o fe s s io n a l, p ro p rie to r-o w n e r-m a n a g e r- o f f ic ia l , c l e r ic a l- s a le s , c ra fts m a n -fo re m a n , o p e ra to r, s e rv ic e w o rk e r, ^ la b o re r, u n e m p lo y e d , r e tir e d , h o u s e w ife , a n d s tu d e n t. The s e v e n ' o c c u p a tio n a l c la s s ific a tio n s fo llo w th e s ta n d a rd iz e d Bureau o f th e ' C e n s u s c la s s ific a tio n s y s te m fo r p u rp o ses o f c o m p a ris o n w ith th e | p o p u la tio n as a w h o le . A ll jo b t it le s w e re th e n p la c e d w ith in one j o f th e e le v e n c a te g o rie s . i I T h e re w e re s e v e ra l n o tic e a b le re s u lts in th e o c c u p a tio n a l I p ic tu re o f th e s a m p le . As m ay be e x p e c te d from th e h ig h e d u c a tio n a l ' le v e l, p ro fe s s io n a ls an d s e m i-p ro fe s s io n a ls a lm o s t d o u b le d th e n a tio n a l a v e ra g e o f 10.7%^^ w ith a to ta l o f 19.3% o f th e re s p o n d e n ts f it tin g th is c la s s if ic a t io n . A n o th e r fa c to r o f in te re s t w a s th e s m a ll p e rc e n ta g e o f o p e ra to rs in th e s tu d y , 2.89%, an d s e rv ic e w o rk e rs , 5.6%, co m p a re d to th e ^ ^ Ib id . , p p . 232-33 . 128 p o p u la tio n a s a w h o le 18.8% and 11.0% r e s p e c tiv e ly .^ ^ O ne o th e r j q u ite s ig n ific a n t fin d in g in c o n tra s t to th e g e n e ra l p o p u la tio n w as th a t o f th e 176 re s p o n d e n ts , n o t one w a s u n e m p lo y e d in c o n tra s t to a 5.1%^^ n a tio n a l u n e m p lo y m e n t fig u re a n d a 6 .5 % /^ lo c a l Long B each u n e m p lo y m e n t fig u re b o th ta k e n th e sam e m onth o f th e s tu d y . N o e x p la n a tio n is g iv e n as to w h y th is s h o u ld be so u n le s s it w as in v o lv e d in the m in is te r 's s e le c tio n p ro c e s s . N o s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e w a s re v e a le d b e tw e e n th e th re e re lig io u s c a te g o rie s w ith one e x c e p tio n , fu n d a m e n ta lis ts c o n s titu te d 60% o f a l l re p o rte d s e rv ic e w o rk e rs , d o u b le th a t o f th e lib e r a ls a n d s ix tim e s th a t o f th e m o d e ra te s . A s id e from th is one d iffe r e n c e , th e th re e c a te g o rie s w e re f a ir ly e v e n ly m a tc h e d o c c u p a tio n a lly . The tw o c la s s ific a tio n s c o n ta in in g the la rg e s t p e rc e n ta g e o f th e sa m p le w e re h o u s e w iv e s , 21.5%, an d p r o fe s s io n a l-s e m i p ro fe s s io n a ls , 19.3%. F re q u e n c ie s an d p e rc e n ta g e s o f in d iv id u a ls in e a c h o f th e e le v e n c la s s ific a tio n s a re re p o rte d in T a b le 2 4 . B ir th p la c e . — R esp o n d en ts w e re a s k e d to s ta te th e p la c e o f th e ir b ir th . D u e to th e n o n -s p e c ifity o f th e q u e s tio n , a s d is c u s s e d in 68 Ib id . , p . 233. 70 "Long Beach," (Long B each C h a m b e r o f C o m m erce p a m p h le t. V o l. 5 , July 1 5 , 1966), p. 4. 129 TABLE 24 F R E Q U E N C IE S A N D PERCENTAGES OF REPORTED O C C U P A T IO N A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY L ib e ra ls N = 5 9 f % M o d e ra te s N = 5 8 f % F u n d a m e n ta lis ts T o ta l N = 5 9 N = 176 f % f % P r o fe s s io n a l, S e m i-P ro fe s s io n a l 11 18.6 12 20.6 11 18.6 34 19.3 P ro p rie to rs , O w n e rs , M a n a g e r s , O ff ic ia ls 6 10.1 4 6.8 3 5.0 13 7.3 C le r ic a l, S a le s 7 11.8 11 18.9 11 18.6 29 16.5 C ra fts m e n , Forem en 3 5 .0 4 6 .8 4 6 .7 11 6 .2 O p e ra to rs 1 1 .6 2 3 .4 2 3 .3 5 2 .8 S e rv ic e W o rk e rs 3 5 .0 1 1 .7 6 10.1 10 5.6 L ab o rers 3 5 .0 2 3 .4 2 3 .3 7 3 .9 U n e m p lo y e d 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 R e tire d 6 10.1 7 12.0 5 8.4 18 10.2 H o u s e w ife 15 25.4 12 20.6 11 18.6 38 21.5 S tu d e n t 1 1 .6 0 0 .0 2 3 .3 3 1 .7 r ~i3o C h a p te r I I I , re s p o n d e n ts w e re c la s s ifie d a c c o rd in g to state. To o b ta in m ore m e a n in g fu l d a ta , th e s ta te s w e re th e n c o m p re s s e d in to 5 g e o g ra p h ic a l a r e a s . The a re a s w ere te rm e d P a c ific , C e n tr a l, East, ' 71 ! S outh an d out o f th e U n ite d States. N e a r ly tw ic e as m any re s p o n d e n ts w e re born in th e C e n tra l U n ite d S ta te s , 43.7%, th a n a n y of th e o th e r a r e a s . In a c o rre la tio n o f r e lig io u s c a te g o ry to g e o g ra p h ic a l a r e a , it w as fo u n d th a t a lm o s t 29% o f the lib e r a ls w e re b o m in th e P a c ific in c o n tra s t to s lig h tly o v e r 12% o f th e m o d e ra te s . S lig h tly le s s th an h a lf o f th e m o d e ra te s , 48.3%, w e re b o m in th e C e n tra l a re a as co m p ared to 45.9 % o f th e lib e r a ls , an d 3 7.4% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . A m a jo r an d m ost s ig n ific a n t fin d in g in th e s tu d y w a s th e nu m b er o f in d iv id u a ls w ho re p o rte d th a t th e y w e re born in th e S o u th , w ith a m ore th a n 25.5% d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n lib e r a ls a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . S lig h tly m ore th a n 3% o f th e lib e r a ls w e re born in th e S o uth as c o n tra s te d to a lm o s t 29% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . M o d e ra te s re p o rte d 17.2% w e re born in th e S o u th . 71 P a c ific s ta te s in c lu d e d Id a h o , U ta h , A riz o n a an d a ll s ta te s west. S o u th e m s ta te s in c lu d e d N e w M e x ic o , T e x a s , O k la h o m a , A rk a n s a s , T e n n e s s e e , N o rth C a ro lin a an d a ll s ta te s s o u th . E a s te rn s ta te s in c lu d e d N e w Y o rk , P e n n s y lv a n ia , W e s t V iig in ia , V irg in ia an d a l l s ta te s eas t. The C e n tra l s ta te s in c lu d e d a l l o th e r s ta te s in the C o n tin e n ta l lim its o f th e U n ite d States. O u t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s in d ic a te s a ll o th e r c o u n trie s . LO 03 W ; œ g H-1 P Q O W Ü PU C O I s P § O cu w « tn O I CO O O w E - H Ü % w Ü P C : K o o g a Q ê § O Ü C O Ü H < u s w i=> Ph T3 C D 3 s« C O o % C O p C D 'B ^ 3 o C O 3^ + j m f O W s +J c: C D U u f O PU “ b o o S | fS Ü 1 “ 1 C<i N j* LO LO CO " C P CO CO 0 3 0 0 1 —t 'CP O - 'CP LO CO 1 — 1 CO CO 0 3 r—1 CD 0 3 cr > LO CO O - 0 0 LO r-H CV] 1 1 0 3 o CD I— 1 l - r l 0 3 CD OO LO CO r— 4 CO OO I— ) 1 1 I—1 r-H o - OO LO o 0 3 c r > CO 'CP LO OO o - CO "<r 'CP CO " C P OO 0 3 o - 0 3 0 3 0 3 o - cr > I— 1 'CP T P CO 0 3 O o 0 3 1 — 1 0 3 0 3 0 3 CO 1 1 I— 1 CO cr > OO C D CO LO LO LO 1 3 m (6 o . . r-H C O f O Lh C D rO C O C D S C D 73 O C D B •S c P 3 P-i f O + j o tH 131 132 R eported fre q u e n c ie s a n d p e rc e n ta g e s o f s ta te d b irth p la c e a re g iv e n in T a b le 2 5 . j R e s id e n tia l O w n e rs h ip . - - In re s p o n d in g to th e q u e s tio n , "D o you ; le n t or ow n y o u r ow n hom e o r a p a rtm e n t? , " le s s th a n o n e -fo u rth I I o f th e sa m p le re n te d th e ir r e s id e n c e s . I The c a te g o ric a l tre n d s w e re v e ry c le a r . As one m o ved from th e lib e r a l p o le to the fu n d a m e n ta lis t p o le , th e p e rc e n ta g e o f in d iv id u a ls w ho re n te d ro s e s h a rp ly from 11.8% to 30.5% and c o n v e rs e ly th e , num ber o f th o s e w ho o w n e d th e ir home or a p a rtm e n t d e c lin e d r a p id ly I * from fo u r -fifth s o f th e lib e r a ls or 81.3% to th r e e -fifth s o f th e I fu n d a m e n ta lis ts o r 61.0% as s e e n in T a b le 2 6 . TABLE 2 6 1 R E S ID E N TIA L O W N E R S H IP REPORTED IN FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D I PERCENTAGES A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEGORY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry N f Rent % O w n f % N o t S ta te d f % L ib e ra ls 59 7 11.8 48 81.3 4 6.7 M o d e ra te s 58 15 25.8 40 68.9 3 5.1 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 59 18 30.5 36 61.0 5 8.4 T o ta l 176 40 22,7 124 70.4 12 6.8 133 In c o m e . — Q u ite c o n s is te n t w ith th e o th e r fin d in g s o f th e s tu d y , in p a rtic u la r th a t o f e d u c a tio n a n d o c c u p a tio n , w a s th e re p o rte d in c o m e o f th e th re e r e lig io u s c a te g o r ie s . R esp o n d en ts w e re a s k e d to g iv e th e fa m ily 's a v e ra g e a n n u a l in c o m e . T h o se re p o rte d fig u re s w e re tra n s la te d in to one th o u s a n d d o lla r in te rv a ls fo r e a s y c o d ific a tio n . The h ig h e s t a v e ra g e a n n u a l in co m e w a s re p o rte d by a lib e r a l to be $55,000. T h is in c o m e w a s so m uch h ig h e r, $30,000, th a n th a t o f an yo n e e ls e in th e sa m p le th a t it w o u ld h a v e d is to rte d th e m ean o f th e lib e r a l c a te g o ry as w e ll as th a t o f th e to ta l s a m p le h ad it b e e n co m p u ted w ith th e o th e r fig u r e s . It w a s th e re fo re d e c id e d to o m it th is re p o rte d in co m e from th e s tu d y . F iv e p er c e n t o f th o s e w ho re p o rte d th e ir e a rn in g s as $5,000 or le s s a n n u a lly w e re lib e r a ls , 5.1% w e re m o d e ra te s , an d 10.1% w e re fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . In th e o v e r $15,000 b ra c k e t th e re v e rs e w as s e e n . T h e re w e re no fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w ho m ade o v e r $15,000, w h ile 6.8% o f th e m o d e ra te s a n d 13.7% o f th e lib e r a ls , or 15.2% if th e in d iv id u a l re p o rtin g $55,000 is in c lu d e d , re p o rte d m a k in g o v e r $15,000 a n n u a lly . The m ean in co m e a c c o rd in g to re lig io u s c a te g o ry w a s a s fo llo w s : lib e r a ls , $11,184; m o d e ra te s , $8,935; a n d fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , $ 7 , 827. T h e s e d iffe re n c e s w e re m ore th a n a n tic ip a te d w h en lo o k in g a t th e o c c u p a tio n s o f th e re s p o n d e n ts . The sam e num ber o f lib e r a ls as 134 fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w e re in th e p ro fe s s io n a l o r s e m i-p ro fe s s io n a l c a te g o ry . The la rg e d iffe re n c e c o u ld be in th e fa c t th a t 6 lib e r a ls v e rs u s 3 fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w e re in th e o w n e r-m a n a g e ria l c a te g o ry , a n d 3 lib e r a ls v e rs u s 6 fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w e re c la s s ifie d as s e rv ic e w o rk e rs . It w as d o u b tfu l th a t th is a lo n e e x p la in e d th e d iffe r e n c e , e s p e c ia lly in th e lig h t o f th e fa c t th a t 2 5.4% o f th e lib e r a ls v e rs u s 18.6% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis t re s p o n d e n ts w e re h o u s e w iv e s . The m ore lik e ly e x p la n a tio n w as in th e lo w e r m o b ility o f th e lib e r a ls as in d ic a te d b y r e s id e n tia l o w n e rs h ip . The h ig h e r m o b ility in d ic a tin g less in co m e due to s e n io r ity , le n g th e s ta b lis h e d in b u s in e s s , e t c . R e g a rd le s s o f th e d iffe r e n c e s , th e fu n d a m e n ta lis t c a te g o ric a l m ean w as s t il l h ig h e r th a n th a t re p o rte d in th e U n ite d S ta te s as a w h o le , th e West, o r th e Long B e a c h -L o s A n g e le s a re a w h ic h w e re 72 re p o rte d r e s p e c tiv e ly to be $6,556, $7,289 and $7,400. The in co m e o f th e th re e c a te g o rie s a re p re s e n te d in T a b le 2 7 . T a b le 28 p re s e n ts a co m p a ris o n o f th e to ta l s a m p le w ith th a t o f th e re p o rte d p e rc e n ta g e s fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s as a w h o le in 73 1964. ^ ^ S ta tis tic a l A b s tra c t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s " o ^ . c i t . , p . 336-37. 78 Ib id . , p . 336. r TABLE 2 7 REPORTED IN C O M E IN FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D PERCENTAGES A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s N $ 1 , C a te g o ry 4 , f 000- 999 % 5 ,0 0 0 - 7,999 f % 8 ,0 0 0 - 10,999 f % 11,000- 15,999 f % 16,000 or M o re f % N o t S ta te d f % L ib e ra ls 59 3 5 .0 5 8 .4 21 35.5 12 20.3 9 15.2 9 15.2 M o d e ra te s 58 3 5 . 1 20 34.4 14 24.4 3 5.1 4 6.8 14 24.1 F u n d a m e n ta l is ts 59 6 10.1 22 37.2 13 22.0 11 18.6 0 0.0 7 11.8 i T o ta l 176 12 6 .8 47 26.7 48 27.2 26 14.7 13 7.3 30 17.01 x^=14.828, 8df / P<. 05. 1 i TABLE 2 8 i i PERCENTAGES OF REPORTED IN C O M E O F A LL RESPONDENTS : C O M P A R IS O N TO THAT REPORTED BY THE TO TAL U N IT E D STATES P O P U L A T IO N C a te g o ry $1000- 2000- 1999 2999 % % 3000- 4000- 5000 3999 4999 5999 % % % - 6000- 6999 % 7000 10000 15000 9999 14999 an d % % a b o ve % T o ta l 1 .7 0 .5 2 .8 1 .7 6 .2 9 .6 28.9 19. 2 11.3 " U n ite d S ta te s P o p u la tio n , 6 ,3 . a . 1 8 .4 8 .6 9 .9 9,9, 2 3 . 2 . 1 6 . 2 6.3 % D iffe re n c e - 4 . 6 - 7.6 - 6 . 6 - 6.9 - 3 . 7 - 0 . 3 +5.7 +3. 1 +5.0 x ^ = 2 7 .112, 8df , P < .0 0 1 . 1 3 6 C la s s . — O ne o f th e m a jo r o v e rs ig h ts o f th is s tu d y , as c ite d in C h a p te r V , w as th e fa ilu r e to be in fo rm a tiv e an d e x p lic it eno u g h in d ire c tin g re s p o n d e n ts in a n s w e rin g th is q u e s tio n . I t w a s fo r th is re a s o n th a t so m a n y , a to ta l o f 39.7%, f a ile d to a n s w e r th e q u e s tio n " In w h a t c la s s do you c o n s id e r y o u rs e lf? " The re m a in in g 60% re s p o n d in g to th e q u e s tio n s ta te d th a t th e y c o n s id e re d th e m s e lv e s to be in th e u p p e r class, 4.5%; m id d le class, 53.2%; an d lo w e r class, 2.2%. I f th e p e rc e n ta g e w e re fig u re d on th e b a s is o f th e num ber o f th o s e w ho a n s w e re d th e q u e s tio n in o n e o f th e n in e a lte r n a tiv e s , th o s e id e n tify in g w ith th e m id d le c la s s w o u ld e q u a l 88.6%, th e e x a c t p e rc e n ta g e G a llu p re p o rte d in h is 1940 s u rv e y . L ib e ra ls o u tn u m b ered both fu n d a m e n ta lis ts an d m o d e ra te s in th e u p p er c la s s 6 to 1 an d tw ic e as m any lib e r a ls , 28.8%/ re p o rte d th e m s e lv e s in th e u p p e r m id d le c la s s as fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , 13.5% . P o litic a l C a te g o r y . — E ig h t c a te g o ric a l c h o ic e s th ro u g h o u t th e p o lit ic a l sp ectru m w e re o ffe re d to th e in d iv id u a ls . R espond ents w e re a s k e d to c h e c k th e c a te g o ry w h ic h b e s t d e s c rib e d th e m . T h is s o c ia l c h a ra c te r is tic w as p ro b a b ly th e m ost re v e a lin g c h a ra c te r is tic o f th e e n tire s tu d y . W h e n b ro ke n dow n in to r e lig io u s c a te g o rie s , th e re w as a lm o s t no d iffe re n c e in p o lit ic a l a f f ilia t io n . M o re th a n h a lf, 32 o f th e 59 lib e r a l re s p o n d e n ts , w e re R e p u b lic a n s . T h is w as e n ( N H k -q ; o o w E- I 6 2 o 1 — I g o E - h O s ê o o o < 0 s Q 1 œ œ I ü Q I O o, pL, O œ O g o 1 % W e u p § U J 5 ü s w p a g T3 ( D 4 - J ( 0 - 4 - » œ 4-1 O s P P P 0 °' i = > 3 b g o i l o o CO c o • . o o o e n c o c o o < o o (N (N CM N O O o ;: o o O o o o o o <~) o o c o LO » o o 1 — 1 O o o 1 — I - 1 — H c o o c o 1 —1 o c o < —H ■ j 1 --- 1 o CM CO c o o : c o • o o c o LO l>> LO LO c o c q 1 — 1 <72 c o c o c o • • • < o o c o c o 1 --- 1 CM c o CM j o CM o CM 1 --- 1 1 — 1 CM 'sT c o r — H LO 1 — H c o c o CM (N CM i “H CM c o ■ CD 1 —1 1 — 1 CO O c o • OO o 1 —1 CO LO o . 1 — 1 c o c o o 1 --- 1 1 --- 1 r—\ o 1 --- 1 1 --- 1 r—\ o - CM o o o o o o C ) o o o o O e n c o e n c o LO LO LO ü ) 4-4' m l o IN . 1 — 1 c/2 g 0 ) c/2 C D 4-> S ■ § o c < D S c P 3 P m fO 4 - J O e - h 137 138 id e n tic a l fo r th e m o d e ra te s , in w h ic h 32 o f th e 58 re s p o n d e n ts w e re R e p u b lic a n s ; an d i t w as a lm o s t e x a c tly th e sam e fo r th e fu n d a m e n ta l- 1 ists, 34 o f th e 59. The sam e w a s tru e fo r D e m o c ra tic re s p o n d e n ts . ' One's re lig io u s id e n tific a tio n d id n o t seem to m a tte r. F o u rte e n I ' lib e r a ls w e re D e m o c ra ts , 14 m o d erates w e re D e m o c ra ts ; an d 15 fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w e re D e m o c ra ts . B e tw e e n lib e r a ls and fu n d a m e n ta l ists, th e re w as no d iffe re n c e in th e num ber id e n tify in g w ith th e • In d e p e n d e n t p o lit ic a l c a te g o ry , 7 a n d 7 r e s p e c tiv e ly . O f th e 176, 98 or 55.6% w e re R e p u b lic a n , 43 or 24.4% j w e re D e m o c ra ts an d 18 o r 10.2% w e re In d e p e n d e n t. T h ree re s p o n d en ts c o n s id e re d th e m s e lv e s o u t of th e m a jo r p o litic a l s p e c tru m , w ith I 14 not re s p o n d in g to th e q u e s tio n . This w as in m ark e d c o n tra s t to th e p o p u la tio n o f C a lifo r n ia w h ic h re p o rte d th e sam e y e a r a i 74 re g is tra tio n o f 59.1% D e m o c ra ts an d 40.8% R e p u b lic a n s . It w as e v e n fu rth e r a w a y from th e to ta l U n ite d S ta te s p o p u la tio n w h ic h 75 I re p o rte d a re g is tra tio n o f 61.1% D e m o c ra ts an d 38.5% R e p u b lic a n s . It w as th e c o n te n tio n o f th is re s e a rc h , th e re fo re , th a t a ll m em bers o f p ro te s ta n t C h r is tia n c h u rc h e s , re g a rd le s s o f th e ir lib e r a l, I m o d e ra te , or c o n s e rv a tiv e re lig io u s b e lie fs , a re p rim a rily c o n s e rv a tiv e -' ' m o d erates in th e ir p o lit ic a l b e lie fs w ith p erh ap s one q u a rte r b e in g ^^ Ib id . , p . 3 70 . 139 I I so m ew h at less th a n c o n s e rv a tiv e an d o n e f if t h b e in g s o m ew h at m ore th a n c o n s e r v a tiv e . T h e se c o n te n tio n s are borne o u t in a re p o rtin g o f th e fre q u e n c ie s and p e rc e n ta g e s in T a b le 3 0 . I t s h o u ld be n o te d th a t the p o lit ic a l c a te g o ry " C o n s e rv a tiv e R e p u b lic a n s " c o n ta in e d tw ic e as m any fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , 33.8%, as lib e r a ls , 15.2%^ an d m o d e ra te s , 15.5% . S e c o n d , if one a b s tra c te d th e c la s s ific a tio n " L ib e ra l" from b o th th e R e p u b lic a n an d D e m o c ra tic c a te g o rie s , the re s u lt w o u ld be th a t fo u r tim e s m ore re lig io u s lib e r a ls , 20.3%, th a n m o d e ra te s , 5.1%, id e n tifie d th e m s e lv e s as I I p o lit ic a l lib e r a ls , w ith o n ly 3.3% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts in d ic a tin g th e y w e re lib e r a ls p o lit ic a lly . D e n o m in a tio n . — The f in a l s o c ia l c h a ra c te r is tic s o lic ite d from th e sam p le w as ch u rc h d e n o m in a tio n . The p u rp o se w as to o b ta in a h ie ra rc h y o f d e n o m in a tio n s a c c o rd in g to lib e r a l-fu n d a m e n ta lis t p o la r iz a tio n as in d ic a te d by th e re s p o n d e n ts w h o se re lig io u s b e lie fs a re s u p p o s e d ly re p re s e n ta tiv e o f th e c h u rc h as a w h o le . T a b le 31 p re s e n ts a h ie r a r c h ic a l a rra n g e m e n t o f d e n o m in a tio n b a s e d upon th e r e lig io u s b e lie fs o f a ll re s p o n d e n ts fro m e a c h d e n o m in a tio n . A t th e top o f th e ta b le a re th o s e d e n o m in a tio n s w ith th e h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e o f lib e r a l re s p o n d e n ts , an d a t th e lo w e r e n d , th e d e n o m in a tio n s w ith th e h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e o f fu n d a m e n ta l re s p o n d e n ts . o CO w PQ g œ G S w ü K H P - , Q § œ 5 o g EH 6 P H % C O D o 2 2 % H Q | 8 ^ G P h % o o il s o G p q EH g ü O P _ +4 g % 4 - 4 co S-I C D x: 4 - 4 o 4 - 4 c C D "O a C D a C D "O 0 2 C D X C D 4 - 4 4-4 fd 2 ffi ü u o o g s Q | 4 - > > C D to c O ü 2 C D C D 2 II X ) 3 C D 0 ê (% fd t 0 to C O ü 3 £r O O I ! O CO CD 1 4 0 oo CO m LO l>- CM r—H CD l>- CD i>- • r—H I — 1 I — 1 r—H m < — 1 I — 1 I — 1 co oo 00 OO CM r—4 CD r.1 O i —H i —H I —! »4-l i>- CO I — ! i>- CD CD . ' CD CO r—H CO m CM r—H I>- OO CM CD CD . I — 1 OO LO 1-1 1 —4 r—H r—H m l>- O r—1 oo 1 — i r—1 CM O 'vT o LO . . . LO CO LO UH co CM CO CO LO CD CD • co r —H r - H LO I — t >4H oo 1 — 1 r—H O r —H CD o . LO l>- CM CO CM CO CM CM LO CM CO O 1 — 1 CM r—H LO CM LO co LO • LO LO co 1 — i 1 — 1 I — 1 co CM M - 4 CD CD o CO CM CO CD OO CD CD LO LO LO 1 I —! to ^2 0 Xi to 0 - 2 " 0 " 0 O 0 a 0 S ■ S c P 3 P m to 4 - 4 to 0 4 - 4 g ! T41^ TABLE 31 PERCENTAGE OF RESPO NDENTS C L A S S IF IE D LIBERALS, M ODERATES A N D F U N D A M E N T A L IS T S A C C O R D IN G TO D E N O M IN A T IO N D e n o m in a tio n N L ib e ra ls M o d e ra te s F u n d a m e n ta lis ts C h ris tia n S c ie n c e 13 84.6 15.4 0.0 U n ity 5 80.0 20.0 0.0 M e th o d is t 22 77.2 19.1 3.7 P re s b y te ria n 26 50.0 46.1 3.9 L u th e ra n 26 36.0 60.0 4.0 C h ris tia n C h u rch 8 25.0 37.5 37.5 P e n te c o s ta l 9 22.7 33.5 44.0 S e v e n th -D a y A d v e n tis t 4 0 .0 75.0 25.0 C h u rch o f G od 5 0 .0 60.0 40.0 C h u rch o f C h ris t 8 12.5 37.5 50.0 F rie n d s C h u rch 5 0 .0 40.0 60.0 A s s e m b ly o f G od 12 0 .0 25.0 75.0 B a p tis t 20 0 .0 15.0 85.0 B rethren 9 0 .0 22.0 88.0 N o n -D e n o m in a tio n a l 4 0 .0 0 .0 100.0 I 4 ^ It c o u ld be c o n c lu d e d from th e s e fin d in g s th a t th e re are d e fin ite lib e r a l an d fu n d a m e n ta lis t e n c la v e s d e n o m in a tio n a lly . The fu n d a m e n ta lis t e n c la v e w as in c lu s iv e ly th e B re th re n , B a p tis t an d A s s e m b ly o f G od d e n o m in a tio n s . The N o n -d e n o m in a tio n w as n o t in c lu d e d fo r tw o reasons. F ir s t, b e c a u s e o f its n o n -d e s c rip t n a tu re . M a n y n o n -d e n o m in a tio n a l co m m u n ity ch u rc h es a re as lib e r a l as th is one w as fu n d a m e n ta lis t. S e c o n d , b e c a u s e o f th e u n r e lia b ility o f a s m a ll N , in th is case fo u r in d iv id u a ls . T h e lib e r a l e n c la v e w as c o m p ris e d o f th e C h ris tia n S c ie n c e , th e M e th o d is t a n d th e P re s b y te ria n c h u rc h e s . The U n ity c h u rc h w a s n o t in c lu d e d b e c a u s e o f its s m a ll N , in th is case f iv e , an d b e c a u s e o f its s m a ll o v e ra ll d e n o m in a tio n a l m em b ersh ip in c o m p a ris o n w ith th e o th e r s ix d e n o m in a tio n s ch o sen to c o n s titu te th e tw o e n c la v e g ro u p s . The purpo se in s e le c tin g a lib e r a l-fu n d a m e n ta lis t e n c la v e , w as to com pare th e tw o e x tre m e s of th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le , d e n o m in a tio n a lly id e n tifie d , a g a in s t th e d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le . T h is re s e a rc h d id n o t in c lu d e s e v e ra l m a jo r p ro te s ta n t d e n o m in a tio n s , am ong them th e F o u rs q u a re , N a z a r e n e , E p is c o p a l, C o n g re g a tio n a l, E v a n g e lic a l U n ite d B re th re n , The R eform ed C h u rch ! in A m e ric a , an d th e U n ite d C h u rc h o f C h r is t. S in c e th e s e ch u rc h es a re n o t in c lu d e d in th e s tu d y , an a d e q u a te p ic tu re o f th e p o la r iz a tio n i 4 3 ^ I o f b e lie fs am ong p ro te s ta n ts is n ot p o s s ib le . F u rth e rm o re , th e I j in fo rm a tio n g iv e n here s h o u ld be g e n e ra liz e d to th e re le v a n t p ro te s ta n t i I d e n o m in a tio n s b e y o n d th o s e p re s e n tly lis t e d w ith c a u tio n . I 144 î A P P E N D IX H I I TH E " D O N 'T K N O W " RESPONSE 1 It WQ3 d e b a te d as Lo how m e a n in g fu l th e " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e ; w as to th e s tu d y . I 1 I The fir s t q u e s tio n ra is e d w as s h o u ld th e re s p o n s e be c o n c e p tu a l- I iz e d as " m id d le g ro u n d , " b e tw e e n a g re e a n d d is a g re e , a n d th e re fo re 1 ! re c e iv e a v a lu e o f th re e or s h o u ld it be c o n s id e re d as an a d m ira b le , ! j m o ral s ta n c e an d be g iv e n th e v a lu e o f 5 , o r, the o n ly o th e r a lte r n a - I I I tiv e o p e n , s h o u ld it be c o n s id e re d a m o ra lly n e u tra l c h o ic e a n d be I I g iv e n a v a lu e o f 0 . O n th is p o in t, in c id e n ta lly a m o ral d e c is io n in it s e lf , th e la t t e r c h o ic e w as a c c e p te d fo r th e s tu d y : th a t a ll " d o n 't kn o w " re s p o n s e s s h o u ld be le ft in th e s tu d y re c e iv in g a v a lu e o f 0 . The se c o n d q u e s tio n r a is e d c o n c e rn in g th e " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e was, w h a t i f an in d iv id u a l has too m any "d o n 't k n o w " a n s w e rs ? W o u ld n 't th is in v a lid a te h is q u e s tio n n a ire an d c o n s e q u e n tly w e a k e n and I I th e re b y je o p a rd iz e th e w h o le s tu d y ? The " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e w as I a re s p o n s e in d e e d as v a lu a b le as a n y o f th e o th e r re s p o n s e s in { ! d e te rm in in g one's o v e ra ll m o ra l c o m m itm e n t. ! The re s t o f th e q u e s tio n re m a in e d a p ro b le m . H o w m any "d o n 't kn o w " re s p o n s e s c o n s titu te "to o m a n y ? " It w as d e c id e d to put th is 145 I I q u e s tio n to a test. The a rb itra ry c u t - o ff p o in t u s e d in th e te s tin g ! p ro ced u re w as if a p erso n a n s w e re d a p p ro x im a te ly 2 0% o f th e I I q u e s tio n s w ith a " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e [fo u r or m ore q u e s tio n s out I I o f th e 22 ] . The fir s t s te p w as to a s c e rta in how m any re s p o n d e d ! " d o n 't kn o w " to fo u r or m ore q u e s tio n s . A ls o o f c o n c e rn w a s how I I m an y " d o n 't kn o w re s p o n s e s w e re re c e iv e d in th e e n tire s tu d y ? I E q u a lly im p o rta n t w as th e nu m b er o f " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s a b o v e I fo u r? The d a ta is p re s e n te d in th e fo llo w in g ta b le s . I I TABLE 32 I N U M B E R OF IN D IV ID U A L S W IT H F O U R OR M O R E " D O N 'T K N O W " RESPONSES A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s N C a te g o ry N u m b e r o f D o n 't Know R esponses 4 5 6 7 8 9 T o ta l L ib e ra ls 59 4 5 0 2 0 0 11 M o d e ra te s 58 4 2 3 0 1 1 11 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 59 2 3 1 0 0 0 6 T o ta l 176 10 10 4 2 1 1 28 A lm o s t tw ic e as m any m o d e ra te an d lib e r a l re s p o n d e n ts a n s w e re d w ith fo u r or m ore " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s . D id th is a p p re c ia b ly e ffe c t th e outco m e o f th e s tu d y ? T a b le 33 g iv e s th e m ean M - A sco re o f a ll re s p o n d e n ts , an d w ith a l l re s p o n d e n ts e x c lu s iv e o f th o s e w ith fo u r o r m ore " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s . The la tte r 146 group w as te rm e d th e e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p , d is tin g u is h in g it from the to ta l s a m p le . TABLE 33 M - A M EA N S OF RESPO NDENTS W IT H LESS TH A N F O U R " D O N 'T KNOW RESPONSES A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry N T o ta l S am p le M e a n N E x p e rim e n ta l G roup L ib e ra ls 59 60.2 48 62.8 M o d e ra te s 58 59 .7 47 62.2 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 59 63.9 53 65.2 T o ta l 176 61.2 148 63.5 The ra tio re m a in s th e sam e b e tw e e n th e groups re g a rd le s s o f w h e th e r th e to ta l sam p le w a s u s e d , o r o n ly th o s e w ith less th a n fo u r " d o n 't kn o w " re s p o n s e s ; th e e x p e rim e n ta l g ro u p . TABLE 34 M EA N SCORE D IFFE R E N C E S BETW EEN CATEG O RIES U S IN G TH E TO TAL SAM PLE A N D THE EXPER IM EN TA L G RO UP G roup T o ta l S am p le E x p e rim e n ta l G roup D iffe re n c e F u n d a m e n ta l is t-M o d e r a te 4 .2 3 .0 1 .2 L ib e ra l-F u n d a m e n ta lis t 3 .7 2 .4 1 .3 L ib e r a l-M o d e r a te * 0 .5 0 .6 - 0 . 1 * D iffe r e n c e E x c lu d in g th e L--M C a te g o ry 0 .5 0 .6 0 .1 147 W ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th e r a tio o f lib e r a ls to m o d e ra te s , w h ic h d iffe re n c e w as not s ig n ific a n t, th e ra tio s are th e s a m e . It w as I c o n c lu d e d , th e re fo re , th a t th is w a s n o t an in flu e n c in g fa c to r in the s tu d y . A s ec o n d c r u c ia l fa c to r th a t c o u ld a ffe c t th e s tu d y w a s th e to ta l num ber o f " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s re c e iv e d b y a ll re s p o n d e n ts . W a s a n y c a te g o ry o v e rly re p re s e n te d ? W h ic h q u e s tio n s re c e iv e d th e la rg e s t num ber o f " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s ? W h ic h re c e iv e d th e le a s t n u m b er? On w h ic h q u e s tio n s w a s th e ir a s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n c a te g o rie s ? T h e s e q u e s tio n s a re a n s w e re d in an e x a m in a tio n j o f th e d a ta p re s e n te d in T a b le 3 5 . O n ly 1,4% o f th e to ta l p o s s ib le ' re s p o n s e s w e re a n s w e re d w ith a " d o n 't k n o w .” I t w a s s ig n ific a n t , i h o w e v e r, th a t o v e r tw o -th ir d s o f th e re s p o n d e n ts a n s w e re d a t le a s t I one o f th e tw e n ty -tw o q u e s tio n s " d o n 't know." A bout o n e -th ir d o f , th e to ta l s a m p le , 68 o r 38.6%, a n s w e re d a l l q u e s tio n s w ith o u t I ! re s o rtin g to a " d o n 't k n o w " a n s w e r. By c a te g o ry , th e fre q u e n c y and I 1 p e rc e n ta g e o f " d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s a re as fo llo w s : 26 lib e r a ls , 44.0%; 24 m o d e ra te s , 41.3%; a n d 18 fu n d a m e n ta lis ts , 30.5% T h ere is v e ry l i t t l e d iffe re n c e in th e to ta l nu m b er o f "d o n 't k n o w " re s p o n s e s . M o d e ra te s are h ig h w ith a to ta l o f 104, n e x t cam e lib e r a ls w ith 9 2 , an d la s t th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts w ith 8 7 . There a r e , h o w e v e r, s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n th e th re e LO CO g CQ g % O I — 1 s O' s s C O s o Ou P Q > u O o M g O s I § s 8 Ü « ü o g s g g 0 o 1 8 Q § co 5 ü s H !=) 1 Ou 02 OO to LO CM 3 & o o I I co o CM 0 0 o o to i — H LO to o 1 --- I I -1 O (O o r — H LO o o LO r— H (O to o <72 co to (O o oo (O O CM 1 --- I CM LO CM <72 1 --- 1 1 --- I O CD 1 --- I OO LO OO o 1 --- I 1 --- I r— H 1 --- I co 1 --- I to o 1 --- I CM to OO o LO 1 --- 1 to LO I — t (O OO to O to 1 — H I — 1 O r— H 1 — I 1 —1 o r—i CM to o OO to oo LO to LO (O CM 1 --- I o 1 --- I 1 —4 OO LO LO o (O I -1 co (O to CM I -1 1 --- I CO oo LO 00 LO (O LO c o 1 --- I CD to c^ to o co o 1 --- I CM CM CM o CM 'vT' to r H 1 --- 1 1 --- I co CD LO en 2 0 Xi oo LO w 0 4-1 g 0 o (72 LO en en r o 4 - 4 c 0 a 0 0 § Ou t o 0 4-1 O E-H O CM 02 0 0 lo co 3 b o o | 2 (S ü CO c o c o o CM 1 — I CM 00 CM 1 — I 1 —H c o LO c o LO to I-1 CM <72 O oo o t o LO t o LO LO c o CO o o o o r— H o o r— H o c o c o c o c o c o CM CM CM o c o o c o c o o CM CM o I- 1 c o LO LO c o c o c o CM c o t o c o I— 1 I- 1 CM 1 —1 1 — 1 1 --- I I— 1 o LO t o I- 1 t o c o LO o (72 CO CM to 1 --- I 1 --- I 1 —1 oo o r— H <72 oo (72 LO LO LO W 2 0 0 en 0 4-J 2 0 0 O en 4-J en -i-U I 0 a - § g Ou 148 co (72 I--- I CO LO 0 0 LO LO 0 1 I (O t o CM CM M" LO M" OO CM CM CO c o r —I CM r-H LO CM t o 0 4-J O E h 0 0 0 g + J c O ü LO C O w 1 -4 P Q g S O (-H E - h S O g C O w co § ^ Î5 H s i o R W {/J e h != > S 2 o o = 1 o o co ^ O g g ü c e : O s g o o W ü c e , < P § co 5 ü ZI M P a ë P u 0 + J O E h CM CM CM 3 & o o II CM c o CD O o o 0 0 1 — 4 CM CO c o OO r— H CO c o (N I 1 1 CM CM LO O O CO CM o o CD r— H 0 ^ LO CO r — H CD OO CD c o LO LO LO W 2 0 0 w 0 -M 2 0 0 O e n 4-J en -rU 0 4-» C 0 a - 8 C , 0 Pu 0 O E h ___1 en 0 0 4-J en O 0 E h O < 4 - 4 a O en 0 0 ce: Cn 0 0 0 0 0 ü en L h en 0 O C l, Ou w 0 : g I I M l i S & O o II CD LO en I — I 2 0 0 c o o o o O CD o o CD lO c o c o c o t o t o CD r —j o o LO CD LO 149 c o l> - m 0 4-J 2 o s en 0 4-J 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 Pu 0 4-J O E h 150 i c a te g o rie s on s p e c ific q u e s tio n s as p re s e n te d in T a b le 3 5 . N in e te e n I ' p er c e n t o f th e m o d erates h ad a d iff ic u lt tim e a n s w e rin g q u e s tio n 7 , | j w h e re a s o n ly 5.0% o f th e lib e r a ls fo u n d it im p o s s ib le to a g re e or I d is a g re e . The la rg e s t d iv e rg e n c e b e tw e e n c a te g o rie s cam e on q u e s tio n ' 8 , w h ere 20.3% o f th e lib e r a ls re s p o n d e d w ith a " d o n 't k n o w " v e rs u s 3.3% o f th e fu n d a m e n ta lis ts . The th ird la rg e s t d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n c a te g o rie s w as fo u n d in q u e s tio n 1 9 , w h e re 15.5% o f th e m o d erates I ■ v e rs u s 3.3% o f th e lib e r a ls a n s w e re d w ith a " d o n 't know." | Q u e s tio n s 9 an d 10 a ls o w e re in te re s tin g in th a t o v e r 10% . o f th e m o d e ra te s g av e a " d o n 't kn o w " re s p o n s e , a n d no fu n d a m e n ta lis t j I d id . ■ T h ere w as a g re a t d is p a r ity b e tw e e n q u e s tio n s as c o u ld be I e x p e c te d . The tw o m ost d iff ic u lt q u e s tio n s to a n s w e r w e re num ber j 1, in w h ic h 20.4% o f th e sam p le re s p o n d e d w ith a " d o n 't know," an d t q u e s tio n n u m b er 2 0 , w ith 19.3% o f th e 176 n o t b e in g a b le to a g re e I or d is a g re e . i Those q u e s tio n s w h ic h re c e iv e d m ore th a n 10% o f th e re s p o n d e n ts a n s w e rin g " d o n 't k n o w " w e re q u e s tio n s 1 , 2 0 , 11 an d 8 . T h o se I q u e s tio n s w ith less th a n 1% a n s w e rin g d o n 't know w e re q u e s tio n s 5 ' and 1 7 . It is e a s ie r to s ee th e e n tire p ic tu re i f it can be see n how m any 151 o f e a c h c a te g o ry a g re e d , d is a g re e d , o r a n s w e re d " d o n 't know." T h a t d a ta is g iv e n in T a b le 3 6 . 152 TABLE 36 RESPONSES TO ALL M - A SCALE Q U E S T IO N S BY ALL CATEGORIES R esponse Q u e s tio n # L ib e ra ls M o d e ra te s F u n d a m e n ta lis ts T o ta l AGREE 1 18 15 5 38 2 49 50 37 136 3 4 1 3 8 4 11 24 28 63 5 6 2 2 10 6 39 36 20 95 7 7 4 8 19 8 19 11 4 34 9 10 8 8 26 10 5 8 9 22 11 8 9 6 23 12 34 27 33 94 13 7 10 8 25 14 6 4 4 14 15 4 7 4 15 16 1 3 2 6 17 3 1 2 6 18 5 2 3 10 19 31 26 21 78 20 10 15 15 40 21 23 22 17 62 22 6 6 3 15 DISAGREE 1 31 31 40 102 2 5 5 17 27 3 52 54 50 156 4 44 29 28 101 5 52 56 56 164 6 19 18 36 73 7 49 43 45 137 8 28 42 53 123 9 46 44 51 141 10 49 44 50 143 11 43 42 43 128 12 19 28 22 69 13 50 47 50 147 153 TABLE 36 (continued) RESPONSES TO ALL M - A SCALE Q U E S T IO N S BY ALL CATEGORIES R esponse * Q u e s tio n # L ib e ra ls M o d e ra te s F u n d a m e n ta lis ts T o ta l DISAGREE 14 50 51 53 154 15 55 49 53 157 16 56 53 55 164 17 56 56 57 169 18 51 52 53 156 19 26 23 34 83 20 35 35 32 102 21 32 29 37 98 22 52 50 54 156 DON'T K N O W 1 10 12 14 36 2 5 3 5 13 3 3 3 6 12 4 4 5 3 12 5 1 0 1 2 6 1 4 3 8 7 3 11 6 20 8 12 5 2 19 9 3 6 0 9 10 5 6 • 0 11 11 8 7 10 25 12 6 3 4 13 13 2 1 1 4 14 3 3 2 8 15 0 2 2 4 16 2 2 2 6 17 0 1 0 1 18 3 4 3 10 19 2 9 4 15 20 14 8 12 34 21 4 7 5 16 22 1 2 2 5 ^ R esp o n ses o f "S tro n g ly A g re e " a n d " A g re e " a re c o m b in e d in th e ta b le , as a re th o s e o f " D is a g re e " a n d "S tro n g ly D is a g r e e ." 154 A P P E N D IX I O C C U P A T IO N A N D M O R A L A T T IT U D E SCORES T h ere a re m any la rg e m ean d iffe re n c e c in th e fo llo w in g ta b le such as b e tw e e n lib e r a l s tu d e n ts and p ro p rie to rs , e t a l . , an d m o d e ra te , as w e ll as fu n d a m e n ta lis t, o p e ra to rs an d la b o r e r s . H o w e v e r, due to th e s m a ll num ber o f cases a g a in , it w o u ld be u n w is e to a c c e p t th e s e d iffe re n c e s as s ig n ific a n t. It c o u ld , h o w e v e r, be th e b a s is fo r fu rth e r in v e s tig a tio n , p a r tic u la r ly in th e c a s e o f lib e r a l an d fu n d a m e n t a lis t s tu d e n ts . o L O co C D m L O L O W rH IX to L O to to L O M co to to oo co o IX to CL w o CQ to CO CQ CO w co co co co to to to H CO co W CO 0) M H w 155 L O (N L O CSI L O OO L O L O to to to f — I to 05 L O co CD LO CSl ü î < D £ 0 ) T 3 o 1 fO c 3 P h O [> » CSl o sr to to I — I to L O to f — I to CSl 0 0 o to to o L O L O to to [> » to co LO to c n -.-I r —H f O H-J c ; 0 ) a 156 / I APPENDIX J j M O R AL A T T IT U D E SCORES RELATING TO M A R ITA L STA TU S, IN C O M E A N D CLASS I I I M a r it a l S tatu s an d M o r a l A ttitu d e The m a jo rity o f th e re s p o n d e n ts w e re m a rrie d . The s m a ll p e rc e n ta g e n o t m a rrie d w as so d iv e r s ifie d as to m ake im p o s s ib le a n y s ig n ific a n t te s tin g . O n ly one c o n c lu s io n w as d raw n from th e d a t a . j It a p p e a re d w id o w s, re g a rd le s s o f re lig io u s c a te g o ry , w e re le s s m o ral th an th o s e w ho w ere m a rrie d . Th is c o n c lu s io n ta k e n from T a b le 38 m ust b e g u a rd ed due to th e h ig h ra tio o f 73 to 8 w h ic h a re th e p e rc e n ta g e s o f 176 fo r e a c h s ta tu s . I TABLE 38 I FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M EA N M -A SCORES BY M ARITA L STATUS I A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEGORY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry M a r rie d D iv o rc e d S e p a ra te d W id o w W id o w e r S in g le L ib e ra ls 46 61.6 - - 6 57.3 2 49.5 M o d e ra te s 39 59.6 2 62.5 1 67.0 5 52.6 1 62.0 6 62.3 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 44 63.1 - 1 85.0 3 54.7 5 64.6 In co m e an d M o r a l A ttitu d e S ix in co m e d iv is io n s w e re u s e d to c o n s tru c t th e ta b le on in co m e w ith w h ic h to com pare re lig io u s c a te g o rie s . N o tre n d w as d e te c te d 157 upon v is u a l a n a ly s is o f th e ta b le . H o w e v e r, fu tu re re s e a rc h m ig h t * I TABLE 39 t I : F R E Q U E N C IE S A N D M E A N M -A SCORES BY IN C O M E GROUPS ' A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEGORY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry $1000 -3999 $4000 -6999 $7000 -9999 $10000 -12999 $13000 -15999 $16000 -25999 L ib e ra ls 3 54.0 5 54.0 13 58.0 15 61.5 5 66.4 8 58.6 M o d e ra te s 2 45.0 11 62.3 19 61.0 8 61.0 2 67.5 4 52.7 F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 4 68.5 15 62.7 19 63.7 11 64.7 3 61.7 - d ire c t it s e lf to th e lo w e r th a n a v e ra g e M - A m eans o f lib e r a ls and m o d erates w ith le s s th a n $4,000 and m ore th a n $16,000. C la s s an d M o r a l A ttitu d e The c la s s v a r ia b le w a s n o t te s te d fo r tw o re a s o n s . S in c e 70 re s p o n d e n ts e ith e r f a ile d to u n d e rs ta n d th e q u e s tio n a s k e d or re fu s e d to in d ic a te , fo r w h a te v e r re a s o n , th o s e re s p o n d in g w e re not re p re s e n ta tiv e o f th e e n tire s a m p le . S e c o n d , b e c a u s e 88.6% o f th o s e w ho d id resp o n d to th e q u e s tio n Id e n tifie d th e m s e lv e s in th e m id d le c la s s , th e num ber le f t in the u p p er a n d lo w e r c a te g o rie s w as n o t s u ffic ie n t [ to be s t a t is t ic a lly s ig n ific a n t . The fin d in g s o f T a b le 40 w o u ld seem to c o n tra d ic t th a t o f T a b le ; 39 w ith re g a rd to lib e r a ls in th e u p p er c la s s an d th o s e in th e $16,000- : 158 $26,000 b ra c k e t. The n e c e s s a ry s te p to ta k e is to com pare T a b le j 40 w ith T a b le 37 in A p p e n d ix I . The s ix u p p er c la s s in d iv id u a ls com e from one o c c u p a tio n a l class, fo u r o f th e s ix a re n o t in th e h ig h e s t fin a n c ia l g ro u p . TABLE 40 FR E Q U E N C IE S A N D M EA N M -A SCORES BY CLASS A C C O R D IN G TO R E L IG IO U S CATEG O RY R e lig io u s C a te g o ry U p p e r f X M id d le f X L o w e r f X L ib e ra ls 6 66.3 32 58.7 1 52.0 M o d e ra te s 1 57.0 31 60.2 - F u n d a m e n ta lis ts 1 64.0 31 63.3 3 65.0 I ______ 159 b ib l i o g r a p h y A . BOOKS B en so n , P u m e ll H . R e lig io n in C o n te m p o ra ry C u ltu r e . N e w Y o rk: H a rp e r a n d B ro th e rs , 19 6 0 . B e rg e r, P e te r L . The N o is e o f S o lem n A s s e m b lie s . G ard en C it y , N e w Y o rk : D o u b le d a y an d C o . , In c . , 1961. B ru n n er, H . E m il. The D iv in e Im p e r a tiv e . P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa,: W e s tm in s te r P re s s , 1947. C o rk e y , R o b e rt. A P h ilo s o p h y o f C h ris tia n M o ra ls fo r T o d a y . London: G eo rg e A lle n a n d U n w in Ltd., 1961. C o x , H a rv e y . The-S e c u la r C it y . N e w Y o rk: M a c M illa n C o . , 1966. I E ld e r, F re d . M o ra ls and R e lig io n . N e w Y o rk : P h ilo s o p h ic a l L ib ra ry , In c ., 19 63. The F u n d a m e n ta ls : A T e s tim o n y to th e T ru th . 12 v o ls . C h ic a g o : T e s tim o n y P u b lis h in g C o ., 1 9 1 0 -1 9 1 5 . G a s p e r, L o u is . The F u n d a m e n ta lis t M o v e m e n t. The H a g u e : M o u lto n an d Co . , 1963 . G o o d e , W illia m J. , an d H a tt, P a u l. M e th o d s in S o c ia l R e s e a rc h , N e w Y o rk : M c G r a w - H ill Book C o ., 1952. H a rts h o m e , H u g h , an d M a y , M a r k A . S tu d ie s in D e c e it . N e w Y o rk: M a c M illa n C o . , 1928. H e rb e rg , W i l l . P ro te s ta n t - C a th o lic - J e w . G ard en C it y , N e w Y o rk: D o u b le d a y a n d C o . , 1960. H ig h to w e r, P ies a n t R. B ib lic a l In fo rm a tio n in R e la tio n to C h a ra c te r an d C o n d u c t. U n iv e r s ity o f Io w a S tu d ie s in C h a ra c te r I I I , N o . I 2 , Io w a C ity : 1930. 160 Jam es, W illia m . The V a rie tie s o f R e lig io u s E x p e rie n c e . N e w York: U n iv e r s ity B o o k s , In c ., 19 63. K rae m er, H e n d ric k . A T h e o lo g y o f th e L a it y . P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa.: W e s tm in s te r Press , 1958. L y n d , R obert S . , an d L y n d , H e le n M . M id d le to w n . N e w Y o rk: H a rc o u rt, B race an d C o . , 19 56. M a e lv e r , Robert M . , an d P a g e , C h a rle s H . S o c ie ty : An In tro d u c to ry A n a ly s is . N e w Y o rk: H o lt , R in e h a rt a n d W in s to n , In c ., 1937. M e rto n , R obert K . S o c ia l T h e o ry a n d S o c ia l S tru c tu re , re v is e d e d itio n . G le n c o e , 111.: The F ree P re s s , 19 5 7 . M o b e rg , D a v id O . The C h u rc h as a S o c ia l In s t it u t io n . N e w Jers ey: P r e n tic e - H a ll, In c ., 19 62. N ie b u h r, H . R ic h a rd . The S o c ia l S o u rces o f D e n o m in a tio n a lis m . C o n n e c tic u t: The Shoe S trin g Press, 1929. N e ib u h r, R e in h o ld . The N a tu re a n d D e s tin y o f M a n . N e w Y o rk : C h a rle s S c rib n e r's S o n s , 19 5 5 . I N o ttin g h a m , E liz a b e th K . R e lig io n an d S o c ie ty . N e w Y o rk : Random H o u s e , 1954. P a rs o n s , T a lc o tt. " R e lig io u s P e rs p e c tiv e s o f C o lle g e T e a c h in g and S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y , " R eligious P e rs p e c tiv e s in C o lle g e T e a c h in g . E d ite d b y H o x ie N . F a ir c h ild . N e w H a v e n : R onald P ress C o . , 1952, pp. 286-337. P a rte n , M ild r e d B. S u rv e y s , P o lls , and S a m p le s : P r a c tic a l P ro c e d u re s , N e w Y o rk : H a rp e r an d B rothers , 1950. S c h n e id e r, H e rb e rt W . R e lig io n m T w e n tie th C e n tu ry A m e ric a . C a m b rid g e , Mass . : A then eum P u b lis h e rs . 1952. S m ith , W . R o b e rts o n . R e lig io n o f th e S e m ite s . N e w Y o rk: M e r id ia n B o o ks, 1956. 1 6 1 S o ro k in , P iritim A . The R e c o n s tru c tio n o f H u m a n ity . B oston: Beacon Pre s s , 1948. I T h u rs to n e , L . L . , and C hav e , E. J. The M e a s u re m e n t o f A ttitu d e . C h ic a g o : U n iv e rs ity o f C h ic a g o Press, 1929. I T ro e lts c h , E rn s t. The S o c ia l T e a c h in g o f th e C h ris tia n C h u rc h . 2 v o ls . London: G eo rg e A lle n a n d U n w in , Ltd., 1931. U. S. D e p a rtm e n t o f C o m m e rc e . Bureau o f th e C e n s u s . S ta tis tic a l A b s tra c t o f th e U n ite d States. W a s h in g to n , D . C . : G o vern m en t P rin tin g O ffic e , 1966, ^ U re n , A . R u d o lp h , R ecent R e lig io u s P s y c h o lo g y . E d in b u rg h : T . an d T . C la r k , 1928. W illia m s , D a n ie l D . " L ib e r a lis m ," H a n d b o o k o f C h ris tia n T h e o lo g y . E d ite d by M a r v in H a lv e rs o n and A rth u r A . C o h e n . N e w Y o rk : M e r id ia n B o o k s , 1958. W illia m s , Robin M . A m e ric a n S o c ie ty . N e w Y o rk: A lfre d A . K noph, 1960. Y in g e r, M ilto n J. R e lig io n , S o c ie ty an d th e In d iv id u a l. N e w Y o rk: M a c M illa n C o . , 1957. B. P E R IO D IC A L ARTICLES B rad b u ry, John W . "W h o s e N e w T e s ta m e n t? " W a tc h m a n -E x a m in e r. V o l. 31 (O c to b e r 2 1 , 1943), pp. 1006-07. D a v is , Robert A . , a n d B a rro w , E d w in L . "A C r itic a l S tu d y o f th e Q u e s tio n n a ire in E d u c a tio n , " E d u c a tio n a l A d m in is tra tio n an d S u p e rv is io n , V o l. 21 (1935). F r ie d r ic h s , Robert W . " A lte r Versus Ego,:, An E x p lo ra to ry A s s e s s m e n t o f A ltr u is m ," A m e ric a n S o c io lo g ic a l Review, V o l. 25 (A u g u s t, 1960), pp. 496-508. H a rris o n ,. P a u l., "C h u rc h a n d th e L a ity Among P ro te s ta n ts , " The , . A n n als o f th e A m e ric a n A c ad em y o f P o litic a l a n d S o c ia l S c ie n c e . V o l. 332 (N o v e m b e r, 1960), pp. 37-49 . 162 Johnson, F . E rn e s t. "D o C h u rch es E x e rt S ig n ific a n t In flu e n c e on P u b lic M o r a lity ? " The A n n als o f th e A m e ric a n A c ad em y o f P o litic a l and S o c ia l S c ie n c e , (M a r c h , 1952), pp. 12 5-32. M id d le to n , R u s s e ll, an d P u tn e y , S n e ll. " R e lig io n , N o rm a tiv e S ta n d a rd s an d B e h a v io r, " S o c io m e try . (Ju n e, 1962), pp. 141-52. G. E N C Y C L O P E D IA M ATERIAL D e R u g g ie ro , G u id o . " L ib e r a lis m ," E n c y c lo p e d ia o f th e S o c ia l S c ie n c e s . E d ite d by E d w in R. A . S e ilg m a n . N e w Y o rk: M a c M illa n C o . , 1931. V o l. 9 , p p . 435-41. D . U N P U B L IS H E D M ATERIAL B a ile y , R ich ard C . "O n R ig id ity an d R e lig io n ," Los A n g e le s , 1964. (M im e o g ra p h e d ). G u s ta fs o n , C lo y d V . "The S o c io lo g y o f F u n d a m e n ta lis m : A T y p o lo g ic a l A n a ly s is B ased on S e le c te d G roups in P o rtla n d , O re g o n , an d V ic in it y ." U n p u b lis h e d Ph.D. d is s e r ta tio n . U n iv e rs ity o f C h ic a g o , C h ic a g o , 1956. M a th ia s , W illis D . "Id e a s o f G od and C o n d u c t." U n p u b lis h e d Ph.D. d is s e r ta tio n . T ea ch e rs C o lle g e , C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s ity , N e w Y o rk , 1943. E. PAMPHLETS "Long Beach." Long B each C h am b er o f C o m m erce P a m p h le t. V o l. 5 (Ju ly 1 5 , 1966) .

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Asset Metadata

Creator Bailey, Richard C. (author)

Core Title The liberals and the fundamentalists: A sociological analysis of the moral attitudes of selected Protestants in Long Beach, California

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Degree Master of Arts

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,philosophy, religion and theology

Format application/pdf (imt)

Language English

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c39-421558

Unique identifier UC11314075

Identifier EP65818.pdf (filename),usctheses-c39-421558 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP65818.pdf

Dmrecord 421558

Document Type Thesis

Format application/pdf (imt)

Rights Bailey, Richard C.

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA